AWS Glossary

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Numbers and Symbols

100-continue: A method that enables a client to see if a server can accept a request before actually sending it. For large PUTs, this method can save both time and bandwidth charges.

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ABT

Amazon Payments Balance Transfer. A method to approve or deny payments synchronously. It requires payment approval before processing continues.

access control list

A document that defines who can access a particular bucket or object. Each bucket and object in Amazon S3 has an ACL. The document defines what each type of user can do, such as write and read permissions.

access identifiers

See credentials.

Access Key ID

A string that AWS distributes to uniquely identify each AWS user; it is an alphanumeric token associated with your secret access key.

access key rotation

A method to increase security by changing the AWS Access Key ID. This method enables you to retire an old key at your discretion.

access policy language

A language for writing documents (that is, policies) that specify who can access a particular AWS resource and under what conditions.

account

The AWS account associated with a particular AWS login ID and password.

AWS Identity and Access Management: The AWS account that centrally controls all the resources created under its umbrella and pays for all AWS activity for those resources. The AWS Account has permission to do anything and everything with all the AWS account resources. This is in contrast to the user.

account activity

A web page showing your month-to-date AWS usage and costs. The account activity page is located at http://aws.amazon.com/account-activity.

ACH

Amazon bank account debit (aka bank account withdrawal, bank account transaction, and Automated Clearing House). An asynchronous bank account debit payment method.

action

An API function. Also called operation or call. The activity the principal has permission to perform. The action is B in the statement "A has permission to do B to C where D applies." For example, Jane sends a request to Amazon SQS with Action=ReceiveMessage.

activate URL

The location where your customers can generate a new activation key for your product, should you request it. The activate URL is http://www.amazon.com/dp-activate.

activation

The process your product goes through to prepare itself for the customer's use. During activation, your product obtains the required credentials for the customer.

activation key

An encoded string that represents the relationship between a customer and a DevPay product the customer has purchased. AWS generates this value when the customer completes the purchase of the product. You use the key to obtain credentials related to the customer and product.

active authorization

When you inform customers of a price change for your product, they have to take action to accept the price change. If they don't take the action to accept the price change, their access to your product is canceled when the price change takes effect.

active trusted signers

A list showing each of the trusted signers you've specified and the IDs of the corresponding active key pairs that CloudFront is aware of. To be able to create working signed URLs, a trusted signer must appear in this list with at least one key pair ID.

alarm

An alarm watches a single metric over a specified time period, and triggers an Amazon SNS topic or an Auto Scaling policy if the value of the metric crosses a threshold value over a predetermined number of time periods.

allow

An allow results from a statement that has effect=allow, assuming any stated conditions are met. Example: Allow requests received before 1:00 p.m. on April 30, 2010. An allow overrides any default deny, but never an explicit deny.

Amazon CloudFront

An AWS content delivery service that helps you improve the performance, reliability, and availability of your websites and applications.

Amazon CloudSearch

A fully-managed service in the cloud that makes it easy to set up, manage, and scale a search solution for your website.

Amazon CloudWatch

A web service that enables you to monitor and manage various metrics, and configure alarm actions based on data from those metrics.

Amazon DevPay

An easy-to-use online billing and account management service that makes it easy for you to sell an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud AMI or an application built on the Amazon Simple Storage Service.

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basic monitoring

Statistics derived at 5-minute granularity.

batch

A collection of add and delete document operations in Search Data Format (SDF). You use the document service API to submit add and delete document operations to update the data in your search domain.

BGP ASN

Border Gateway Protocol Autonomous System Number. A unique identifier for a network, for use in BGP routing. Amazon EC2 supports all 2-byte ASN numbers in the range of 1 - 65334, with the exception of 7224, which is reserved.

blacklist

A list of IP addresses, email addresses, or domains that an Internet Service Provider suspects to be the source of spam. The ISP blocks incoming emails from these addresses or domains.

block

A data set. Amazon Elastic MapReduce breaks large amounts of data into subsets. Each subset is called a data block. Amazon Elastic MapReduce assigns an ID to each block and uses a hash table to keep track of block processing.

block device

A storage device that supports reading and (optionally) writing data in fixed-size blocks, sectors, or clusters.

block device mapping

A mapping structure for every AMI and instance that specifies the block devices attached to the instance.

bootstrap action

A user-specified default or custom action that runs a script or an application on all nodes of a job flow before Hadoop starts.

Border Gateway Protocol Autonomous System Number

See BGP ASN.

bounce

A failed email delivery attempt.

breach

The condition of a system after a user-set threshold (upper or lower boundary) is passed. If the duration of the breach is significant, as set by a breach duration parameter, a trigger fires and possibly performs a Scaling Activity.

bucket

A container for objects stored in Amazon S3. Every object is contained in a bucket. For example, if the object named photos/puppy.jpg is stored in the johnsmith bucket, then authorized users can access the object with the URL http://johnsmith.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/puppy.jpg.

bucket owner

Just as Amazon is the only owner of the domain name Amazon.com, only one person or organization can own a bucket in Amazon S3.

bundling

A commonly used term for creating an Amazon Machine Image. It specifically refers to creating Amazon S3-backed AMIs.

buyer

Amazon Flexible Payments Service: The customer making a purchase. Also called a sender. The buyer pays the seller for a product or service.

Amazon Simple Pay: The customer who sends a payment using an Amazon Simple Pay button.

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cache cluster

A logical cache distributed over multiple cache nodes. A cache cluster can be set up with a specific number of cache nodes.

cache cluster identifier

Customer supplied identifier for the Cache Cluster that must be unique for that customer in an AWS region.

cache engine version

The version of the Memcached service that is running on the cache node.

cache node

A fixed-size chunk of secure, network-attached RAM. Each cache node runs an instance of the Memcached service, and has its own DNS name and port. Multiple types of cache nodes are supported, each with varying amounts of associated memory.

cache node type

EC2 instance type used to run the cache node.

cache parameter group

A container for cache engine parameter values that can be applied to one or more cache clusters.

cache security group

A group maintained by Amazon ElastiCache that combines ingress authorizations to cache nodes for hosts belonging to EC2 security groups specified through the console or the API or command line tools.

caller

A developer who facilitates payment between a sender and a recipient.

caller reference

A unique value that you provide and AWS uses to prevent replays of your request.

canned access policy

A standard access control policy that you can apply to a bucket or object. Options include: private, public-read, public-read-write, and authenticated-read.

canonicalization

The process of converting data into a standard format that a service such as Amazon S3 can recognize.

capacity

Each Auto Scaling group is defined with a minimum and maximum compute size. The amount of available compute size at any time is the current capacity. A Scaling Activity increases or decreases the capacity—within the defined minimum and maximum values.

Cascading

Cascading is an open-source Java library that provides a query API, a query planner, and a job scheduler for creating and running Hadoop MapReduce applications. Applications developed with Cascading are compiled and packaged into standard Hadoop-compatible JAR files similar to other native Hadoop applications.

CBUI

See Co-Branded User Interface.

certificate

A credential that some AWS products use to authenticate AWS accounts and users. Also known as an X.509 certificate. The certificate is paired with a private key.

chargeback

A payment reversal that a bank issues when the buyer disputes a charge.

CIDR block

Classless Inter-Domain Routing. An Internet protocol address allocation and route aggregation methodology.

CloudHub

See AWS VPN CloudHub.

cluster compute instance

A type of instance that provides a great amount of CPU power coupled with increased networking performance, making it well suited for High Performance Compute (HPC) applications and other demanding network-bound applications.

cluster placement group

A logical cluster compute instance grouping to provide lower latency and high-bandwidth connectivity between the instances.

CNAME

Canonical Name Record. A type of resource record in the Domain Name System (DNS) that specifies that the domain name is an alias of another, canonical domain name. More simply, it is an entry in a DNS table that lets you alias one fully qualified domain name to another.

Co-Branded service

The web service underlying the Co-Branded User Interface.

Co-Branded User Interface

For the buyer: A series of web pages hosted by Amazon Payments that enables the buyer to authorize a payment.

For the merchant: A series of web pages that Amazon Payments hosts so that a website owner can register a merchant's product for sale on the website.

co-branding

Running a business logo on a site or service that another company provides. Co-branding with Amazon Simple Pay, for example, is merely adding an independent merchant logo to each of the payment authorization web pages.

complaint

The event in which a recipient who does not want to receive an email message clicks "Mark as Spam" within the email client, and the Internet Service Provider sends a notification to Amazon Simple Email Service.

condition

Any restriction or detail about a permission. The condition is D in the statement "A has permission to do B to C where D applies." Conditions are always optional.

configuration API

The API that you use to create, configure, and manage Amazon CloudSearch domains.

configuration template

A series of key/value pairs that define parameters for various AWS products so that AWS Elastic Beanstalk can provision them for an environment.

confirmation email

The email Amazon Payments sends to your customers to notify them that a price change you scheduled has taken effect.

consistency model

The method a service uses to achieve high availability. For example, it could involve replicating data across multiple servers in a data center.

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dashboard

See service health dashboard.

database engine

The database software and version running on the DB Instance.

database name

The name of a database hosted in a DB Instance. A DB Instance can host multiple databases, but databases hosted by the same DB Instance must each have a unique name within that instance.

DB Compute class

Size of the database compute platform used to run the instance.

DB Instance

An isolated database environment running in the cloud. A DB Instance can contain multiple user-created databases.

DB Instance identifier

User-supplied identifier for the DB Instance. The identifier must be unique for that user in an AWS region.

DB Parameter Group

A container for database engine parameter values that apply to one or more DB Instances.

DB Security Group

A method that controls access to the DB Instance. By default, network access is turned off to DB Instances. After ingress is configured for a security group, the same rules apply to all DB Instances associated with that group.

DB Snapshot

A user-initiated point backup of a DB Instance.

Dedicated Instance

An instance that is physically isolated at the host hardware level and launched within a VPC.

Dedicated Reserved Instance

An option you purchase to guarantee that sufficient capacity will be available to launch Dedicated Instances into an Amazon VPC.

default deny

The default result from a policy in the absence of an allow or explicit deny. For example: if a user requests to use Amazon SQS, but the only policy that applies to the user states that the user can use Amazon SimpleDB, then that policy results in a default deny.

delete marker

An object with a key and version ID, but without content. Amazon S3 inserts delete markers automatically into versioned buckets when an object is deleted.

deliverability

The likelihood that an email message will arrive at its intended destination.

deliveries

The number of emails, sent through Amazon SES, that were accepted by an Internet Service Provider for delivery to recipients over a period of time.

detailed monitoring

Statistics derived at one-minute granularity.

DevPay Activity

The location (Amazon DevPay Activity) where you manage the DevPay products you've created.

dimension

A set of one or more name/value pairs (for example, InstanceType=m1.small, or EngineName=mysql), that help to uniquely define a metric value.

discussion forums

A place where AWS users can post technical questions and feedback to help accelerate their development efforts and to engage with the AWS community. The discussion forums are located at http://aws.amazon.com/forums.

distributed cache

A Hadoop feature that allow you to transfer files from a distributed file system to the local file system. It can distribute data and text files as well as more complex types such as archives and JARs.

distribution

A link between an origin server (such as an Amazon S3 bucket) and a domain name, which CloudFront automatically assigns. Through this link, CloudFront identifies the object you have stored in your origin server.

DKIM

DomainKeys Identified Mail. A standard that email senders use to sign their messages. ISPs use those signatures to verify that messages are legitimate. For more information, see http://www.dkim.org.

DNS

See Domain Name System (DNS).

document

Represents an item that can be returned as a search result. Each document has a collection of fields that contain the data that can be searched or returned. The value of a field can be either a string or a number. Each document must have a unique ID, a version number, and at least one field.

document ID (docid)

A unique alpha-numeric identifier for a document. This is the id attribute that's specified in an add or delete operation when using the document service API to update your search domain.

document service API

The API that you use to submit SDF batches to update the data in an Amazon CloudSearch domain.

document service endpoint

The URL that you connect to when sending document updates to a search domain. Each search domain has a unique document service endpoint.

document version

In SDF, each document has a numeric version number that's used to guarantee that a search domain always reflects the most recent document updates. Document updates are applied only if the version number specified in the add or delete operation is greater than the existing version number.

domain

All Amazon SimpleDB information is stored in domains. Domains are like tables that contain similar data. You can execute queries against a domain, but cannot execute joins between domains.

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EBS

See Amazon Elastic Block Store.

EC2

See Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud.

EC2 compute unit

An AWS standard for compute CPU and memory. This measure enables you to evaluate the CPU capacity of different Amazon EC2 instance types.

EC2 instance

In Amazon EC2, this is simply an instance. Other AWS services use the term EC2 instance to distinguish these instances from other types of instances they support.

edge location

A site that Amazon CloudFront uses to cache copies of your content for faster delivery to end users.

Edit Token API

A Co-Branded service API that enables you to view an existing token's details and to change the payment instrument for the token.

Elastic Block Store

See Amazon Elastic Block Store.

Elastic IP address

A fixed (static) IP address that you have allocated in Amazon EC2 or Amazon VPC and then attached to an instance. Elastic IP addresses are associated with your account, not a specific instance. They are elastic because you can easily allocate, attach, detach, and free them as your needs change. Unlike traditional static IP addresses, elastic IP addresses allow you to mask instance or Availability Zone failures by rapidly remapping your public IP addresses to another instance.

Elastic Load Balancing

A web service that improves an application's availability by distributing incoming traffic between two or more EC2 instances.

elastic network interface

An additional network interface that can be attached to an instance. ENIs include a primary private IP address, one or more secondary private IP addresses, an elastic IP address (optional), a MAC address, membership in specified security groups, a description, and a source/destination check flag. You can create an ENI, attach it to an instance, detach it from an instance, and attach it to another instance.

endpoint

A URL that identifies a host and port as the entry point for a web service. Every web service request contains an endpoint. Most AWS products provide regional endpoints to enable faster connectivity.

Amazon ElastiCache: The DNS name of a cache node.

Amazon Relational Database Service: The DNS name of a DB Instance.

endpoint port

Amazon ElastiCache: The port number used by a cache node.

Amazon Relational Database Service: The port number used by a DB Instance.

ephemeral store

See instance store.

epoch

The date from which time is measured. For most Unix environments, the epoch is January 1, 1970.

eventual consistency

The method through which AWS products achieve high availability, which involves replicating data across multiple servers in Amazon's data centers. When data is written or updated and "Success" is returned, all copies of the data are updated. However, it takes time for the data to propagate to all storage locations. The data will eventually be consistent, but an immediate read might not show the change. Consistency is usually reached within seconds, but a high system load might increase this time.

eventually consistent read

See consistent read.

eviction

An eviction occurs when Amazon CloudFront deletes an object from an edge location before its expiration time. If an object in an edge location isn't frequently requested, Amazon CloudFront might evict the object (remove the object before its expiration date) to make room for objects that are more popular.

environment

A specific running instance of an application. The application has a CNAME and includes an application version and a customizable configuration (which is inherited from the default container type).

environment configuration

A collection of parameters and settings that define how an environment and its associated resources behave.

expiration

Expiration occurs when Amazon CloudFront stops serving an object from an edge location. The next time the edge location needs to serve that object, CloudFront gets a new copy from the origin server.

explicit deny

An explicit deny results from a statement that has effect=deny, assuming that any stated conditions are met. Example: Deny all requests from Antarctica. Any request that comes from Antarctica will always be denied no matter what any other policy might allow.

explicit launch permission

An Amazon Machine Image launch permission granted to a specific AWS account.

exponential backoff

A strategy that incrementally increases the wait between retry attempts in order to reduce the load on the system and increase the likelihood that repeated requests will succeed. For example, client applications might wait up to 400 milliseconds before attempting the first retry, up to 1600 milliseconds before the second, up to 6400 milliseconds (6.4 seconds) before the third, and so on.

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facet: A search index field that represents a category that you want to use to refine and filter search results.
facet constraint: A particular facet value that you want to count when searching.
facet enabled: A search index field option that enables facet information to be calculated for the field.
FBL: See feedback loop.
feedback loop: The mechanism by which a mailbox provider (for example, an Internet Service Provider) forwards a recipient's complaint back to the sender.
field weight: The relative importance of a text field in a search index. Field weights control how much matches in particular text fields affect a document's text_relevance score.
filter: A criterion you specify to limit the results when you list or describe your EC2 resources.
forums: See discussion forums.
FPS: See Amazon Flexible Payments Service.
funding token: A payment token used to fund a prepaid instrument.

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gibibyte: A contraction of giga binary byte, a gibibyte is 2^30 bytes or 1,073,741,824 bytes. A gigabyte is 10^9 or 1,000,000,000 bytes.

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Hadoop: See http://hadoop.apache.org.
hard bounce: A persistent email delivery failure such as "mailbox does not exist."
hardware VPN: A hardware-based IPsec VPN connection over the Internet.
HDFS: Hadoop Distributed File System. The HDFS file system stores large files across multiple machines. It achieves reliability by replicating the data across multiple hosts, and hence does not require RAID storage on hosts.
health check: A system call to check on the health status of each instance in an Auto Scaling group.
high-quality email: Email that recipients find valuable and want to receive. Value means different things to different recipients and can come in the form of offers, order confirmations, receipts, newsletters, etc.
hit: A document that matches the criteria specified in the search request. Also referred to as a search result.
HIT: See Human Intelligence Task.
Hive: An open source, data warehouse and analytic package that runs on top of Hadoop. Hive scripts use an SQL-like language called Hive QL (query language) that abstracts the MapReduce programming model and supports typical data warehouse interactions.
HMAC: Hash-based Message Authentication Code. A specific construction for calculating a message authentication code (MAC) involving a cryptographic hash function in combination with a secret key. You can use it to verify both the data integrity and the authenticity of a message at the same time. AWS calculates the HMAC using a standard, cryptographic hash algorithm, such as SHA-256.
hosted zone: A collection of resource record sets that Amazon Route 53 hosts. Like a traditional DNS zone file, a hosted zone represents a collection of records that are managed together under a single domain name.
Human Intelligence Task: A task that a Requester submits to Amazon Mechanical Turk for workers to perform. A HIT represents a single, self-contained task, for example, "Identify the car color in the photo." HITs contain all of the information a worker needs to answer a question, including the kinds of answers you would consider valid.
HVM virtualization: Hardware Virtual Machine virtualization. Lets the guest VM run as though it is on a native hardware platform, except that it still uses para-virtual (PV) network and storage drivers for improved performance.

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image: See Amazon Machine Image.
import/export station: A machine that uploads or downloads your data to, or from, Amazon S3.
import log: A report that contains details about how AWS Import/Export processed your data.
inbound request: A button click or other form request to Amazon Payments.
index: See search index.
index field: A name-value pair that is included in a search domain's index. An index field can contain text, literal, or unsigned integer data.
index field name: The name of a text, literal, or uint field in a search index.
indexing options: Configuration settings that define a search domain's index fields, how SDF data is mapped to those index fields, and how the index fields can be used.
instance: A copy of an Amazon Machine Image running as a virtual server in the AWS cloud.
instance family: A general instance type grouping using either storage or CPU capacity.
instance group: A Hadoop cluster contains one master instance group that contains one master node, a core instance group containing one or more core node and an optional task node instance group, which can contain any number of task nodes.
instance store: Disk storage that is physically attached to the host computer for an Amazon EC2 instance, and therefore has the same lifespan as the instance. When the instance terminates, you lose any data in the instance store.
instance store-backed AMI: Instances launched from this type of AMI use an instance store volume as the root device. Compare this with instances launched from Amazon EBS-backed AMIs, which use an Amazon EBS volume as the root device.
instance type: A specification that defines the memory, CPU, storage capacity, and hourly cost for an instance. Some instance types are designed for standard applications, whereas others are designed for CPU-intensive, memory-intensive applications, and so on.
Instant Payment Notification: Also called IPN. A notification that Amazon Payments sends whenever a payment, refund, or reserved payment completes successfully or fails. The caller must provide Amazon Payments with an endpoint that we can send the IPN to.; A notification (separate from the buyer redirect) that is sent whenever a payment, refund, or reserved payment completes successfully or fails. The developer must host this notification service and provide Amazon Simple Pay with an IPN response URL.
Internet gateway: Connects a network to the Internet. You can route traffic for IP addresses outside your VPC to the Internet gateway.
Internet Service Provider: A company that provides subscribers with access to the Internet. Many ISPs are also mailbox providers. Mailbox providers are sometimes referred to as ISPs, even if they only provide mailbox services.
intrinsic function: A special action in a template that assigns values to properties not available until runtime. These functions follow the format Fn::Attribute, such as Fn::GetAtt. Arguments for intrinsic functions can be parameters, pseudo parameters, or the output of other intrinsic functions.
IP address: All Amazon EC2 instances are assigned two IP addresses at launch, which are directly mapped to each other through network address translation (NAT): a private IP address (following RFC 1918) and a public IP address. Instances launched in a VPC are assigned only a private IP address. Instances launched in your default VPC are assigned both a private IP address and a public IP address.
ISP: See Internet Service Provider.
issuer: The issuer is the person who writes a policy to grant permissions to a resource. The issuer (by definition) is always the resource owner. AWS does not permit SQS users to create policies for resources they don't own. If John is the resource owner, AWS authenticates John's identity when he submits the policy he's written to grant permissions for that resource.
item: Similar to rows on a spreadsheet, items represent individual objects that contain one or more value-attribute pairs.
item name: An identifier for an item. The identifier must be unique within the domain.

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job flow

A job flow specifies the complete processing of the data. It's comprised of one or more steps, which specify all of the functions to be performed on the data.

job ID

A five-character, alphanumeric string that uniquely identifies a storage device in your shipment. AWS issues the job ID in response to a CREATE JOB email command.

job prefix

The AWS Import/Export process generates a log file. The log file name always ends with the phrase import-log- followed by your Job ID. There is a remote chance that you already have an object with this name. To avoid a key collision, you can add an optional prefix to the log file.

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key: A credential that identifies an AWS account or user to AWS (such as the AWS secret access key).; Amazon Simple Storage Service, Amazon Elastic MapReduce: The unique identifier for an object in a bucket. Every object in a bucket has exactly one key. Because a bucket and key together uniquely identify each object, you can think of Amazon S3 as a basic data map between the bucket + key, and the object itself. You can uniquely address every object in Amazon S3 through the combination of the web service endpoint, bucket name, and key, for example: http://doc.s3.amazonaws.com/2006-03-01/AmazonS3.wsdl, where doc is the name of the bucket, and 2006-03-01/AmazonS3.wsdl is the key.; AWS Import/Export: The name of an object in Amazon S3. It is a sequence of Unicode characters whose UTF-8 encoding cannot exceed 1024 bytes. If a key, for example, logPrefix + import-log-JOBID, is longer than 1024 bytes, AWS Import/Export returns an InvalidManifestField error.; AWS Identity and Access Management: In the context of writing a policy: A specific characteristic that is the basis for restricting access (such as the current time, or the IP address of the requester).
key pair: A set of security credentials you use to prove your identity electronically. A key pair consists of a private key and a public key.
key prefix: A logical grouping of the objects in a bucket. The prefix value is similar to a directory name that enables you to store similar data under the same directory in a bucket.

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launch configuration: A set of descriptive parameters used to create new Amazon EC2 instances in an Auto Scaling activity.
launch permission: An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) attribute that allows users to launch an AMI.
lifecycle: The lifecycle state of the EC2 instance contained in an AutoScalingGroup. EC2 instances progress through several states over their lifespan; these include Pending, InService, Terminating and Terminated.
load balancer: A load balancer is a combination of a DNS name and a set of ports, which together provide a destination for all requests intended for your application. A load balancer can distribute traffic to multiple application instances across every Availability Zone within a region. Load balancers can span multiple Availability Zones within an EC2 region, but they cannot span multiple regions.

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machine utilization

The amount of machine capacity used to complete a particular request (for example SELECT, GET, PUT, and so on), normalized to the hourly capacity of a standard processor. Machine utilization is measured in machine hour increments.

Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)

Software that transports email messages from one computer to another by using a client-server architecture.

mailbox provider

An organization that provides email mailbox hosting services. Mailbox providers are sometimes referred to as Internet Service Providers, even if they only provide mailbox services.

mailbox simulator

A set of email addresses that you can use to test an Amazon Simple Email Service-based email sending application without sending messages to actual recipients. Each email address represents a specific scenario (such as a bounce or complaint) and generates a typical response that is specific to the scenario.

main route table

The default route table that any new VPC subnet uses for routing. You can associate a subnet with a different route table of your choice. You can also change which route table is the main route table.

manifest

When sending a create job request for an import or export operation you describe your job in a text file called a manifest. The manifest file is a YAML-formatted file that specifies how to transfer data between your storage device and the AWS cloud.

MapReduce

See http://hadoop.apache.org/docs/r0.20.2/mapred_tutorial.html.

mapper

An executable that splits the raw data into key/value pairs. The reducer uses the output of the mapper, called the intermediate results, as its input.

mapping

In conjunction with the intrinsic function FN::FindInMap, AWS CloudFormation mappings provide conditional parameter values to templates at runtime.

marker

See pagination.

marketplace

Amazon Flexible Payments Service: An environment in which the caller charges a fee for facilitating a transaction between a sender and a recipient.

Amazon Simple Pay: A feature of Amazon Simple Pay that allows a third party to charge for hosting a merchant's offers and facilitating payment.

Marketplace button

An HTML coded button to display and sell the goods of other sellers, optionally charging them a fee for the service.

master node

A process running on an Amazon Machine Image that keeps track of the work its core and task nodes complete.

maximum price

The maximum price you will pay to launch one or more Spot Instances. If your maximum price exceeds the current Spot Price and your restrictions are met, Amazon EC2 launches instances on your behalf.

maximum send rate

The maximum number of emails that you can send per second using Amazon Simple Email Service.

message ID

Amazon Simple Email Service: A unique identifier that is assigned by Amazon Simple Email Service to every email message that is sent.

Amazon Simple Queue Service: The identifier returned when you send a message to a queue.

metadata

Amazon Simple Storage Service, Amazon Elastic MapReduce: A set of name/value pairs that describe the object. These include default metadata such as the date last modified and standard HTTP metadata such as Content-Type. Users can also specify custom metadata at the time they store an object.

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud: Data about an EC2 instance that the instance can retrieve to determine things about itself, such as, the instance type, the IP address, and so on.

metric

An element of time-series data, specific to a namespace, and having one or more dimensions. CloudWatch metrics are the basis for CloudWatch statistics.

MFA

See AWS Multi-Factor Authentication.

micro instance

A type of EC2 instance that is more economical to use if you have occasional bursts of high CPU activity.

MIME

See Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME).

MTA

See Mail Transfer Agent (MTA).

Multi-AZ deployment

A primary DB Instance that has a synchronous standby replica in a different Availability Zone. The primary DB Instance is synchronously replicated across Availability Zones to the standby replica.

Multi-Factor Authentication

See AWS Multi-Factor Authentication.

multi-use token

A usage-based payment instrument that allows the caller to charge the sender multiple times, without requiring the sender to repeatedly authorize the payments (compare to a single-use token).

Multi-Use Token API

The Co-Branded service API that creates a multi-use token.

multi-valued attribute

An attribute with more than one value.

multipart upload

A feature that allows you to upload a single object as a set of parts.

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)

An Internet standard that extends the email protocol to include non-ASCII text and non-text elements like attachments.

Multitool

A Cascading application that provides a simple command-line interface for managing large datasets.

N

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namespace: An abstract container that provides context for the items (names, or technical terms, or words) it holds, and allows disambiguation of homonym items residing in different namespaces.
NAT: Network address translation.
NAT instance: An instance that is configured to perform NAT in a VPC. A NAT instance enables private instances in the VPC to initiate Internet-bound traffic without being directly reachable from the Internet.
network ACL: An optional layer of security that acts as a firewall for controlling traffic in and out of a subnet. You can associate multiple subnets with a single network ACL, but a subnet can be associated with only one network ACL at a time.
node: After an Amazon Machine Image is launched, the resulting running system is referred to as a node. All instances based on the same AMI are identical at start-up. Any information about the node is lost when the node terminates or fails.
notification email: The email Amazon Payments sends to your customers to notify them of an upcoming price change you've scheduled.
null object: A null object is one whose version ID is null. Amazon S3 adds a null object to a bucket when versioning for that bucket is suspended. It is possible to have only one null object for each key in a bucket.

O

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object: The fundamental entity type stored in Amazon S3. Objects consist of object data and metadata. The data portion is opaque to Amazon S3.; Any entity that can be served either over HTTP or a version of RTMP.
on-demand instance: An Amazon EC2 pricing option that charges you for compute capacity by the hour with no long-term commitment.
one time payment: An Amazon FPS payment processed with a single-use token. After the payment is made, that token is no longer valid.
operation: An API function. Also called an action.
order pipeline: The process that an order passes through between the time a customer selects an item and the time that customer's payment instrument is charged.
origin access identity: Also called OAI. A virtual identity you use when giving your distribution permission to fetch a private object from your origin server (Amazon S3 bucket).
origin server: The Amazon S3 bucket or custom origin containing the definitive original version of the content you deliver through Amazon CloudFront.
outbound notification: A response from Amazon Payments to your Amazon FPS (or Amazon Simple Pay) application via a Return URL or an Instant Payment Notification (IPN).

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pagination

Some APIs that return a potentially large list of records can return a subset by using a value to set the maximum number of returned records. They then provide a marker, which identifies the last record returned so that in a subsequent call, the user can get the next sequence of records.

paid AMI

An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) that you sell to other Amazon EC2 users using Amazon DevPay.

part

In a multipart upload request, each part is a contiguous portion of the object's data.

passive authorization

A passive authorization happens when you inform customers at least 14 days in advance of a price change for your product, and they don't take any action; the price change is accepted automatically.

PAT

Port address translation.

payment instrument

The method of payment a customer chooses to use with Amazon Payments. These include credit cards (CC), Amazon Payments account balance (ABT), and bank account debits (ACH).

payment method failure

An error caused by an irregularity in the customer's chosen payment method, such as an insufficient bank balance or an expired credit card.

period

See sampling period.

permission

A statement within a policy that allows or disallows access to a particular resource. You can state any permission like this: "A has permission to do B to C where D applies." For example, Jane (A) has permission to read messages (B) from John's Amazon SQS queue (C), as long as she asks to receive only a maximum of 10 messages from the queue at a time (D). Whenever Jane sends a request to Amazon SQS to use John's queue, the service checks to see if she has permission and if the request satisfies the conditions John set forth in the permission.

persistent identifier

Also called PID. An encoded string that represents the relationship between a customer and the owner of DevPay products. After a customer purchases one of your products, you can use the PID to confirm the status of the customer's subscription to the product.

persistent storage

A long-term data storage solution. Options within AWS are: Amazon S3, Amazon Elastic Block Store, and Amazon SimpleDB.

Pig

An open-source Apache library that runs on top of Hadoop. The library takes SQL-like commands written in a language called Pig Latin and converts those commands into MapReduce job flows.

policy

A policy is the formal description of the permissions for a resource. The access policy language distinguishes between a policy and a statement. A policy is the complete document that can contain many different permissions for a given resource. A statement is the description of an individual permission. Therefore a policy can contain multiple statements. For example, a policy could specify that Jane can use John's queue (one statement), and Bob cannot use John's queue (another statement).

Auto Scaling: A set of instructions for Auto Scaling that tells the service how to respond to alarm messages.

postpaid credit instrument

A payment instrument that is like a credit card used to make incremental purchases on your website. As purchases are made, the accumulated debt on the postpaid credit instrument increases until a credit limit is reached, or until you have arranged to make a settlement of the debt, such as a monthly payment.

postpaid payment token

A payment token used whenever a buyer wants to make a purchase using a postpaid credit instrument.

Postpaid Token API

The Co-Branded service API that creates a postpaid payment token that a sender uses as a payment instrument and then funds, much like a credit card.

pre-signed URL

A URL that uses query string authentication.

query time rank expression

A rank expression that's defined within a search request. You can use a query time rank expression to rank results for a request or set a threshold for the search results.

prefix

See job prefix.

Premium Support

A one-on-one, fast-response support channel that AWS customers can subscribe to for support for AWS infrastructure services.

prepaid instrument

A payment instrument that is like a gift card with an associated prepaid balance. A buyer can purchase a prepaid instrument on your website and use it to make incremental payments over a period of time, in line with whatever constraints that you or the buyer previously set up.

prepaid payment token

A payment token used whenever a buyer wants to make a purchase using a prepaid instrument.

Prepaid Token API

The Co-Branded service API that creates a prepaid payment token that a sender funds and then uses as a payment instrument.

principal

The principal is the person or persons who receive the permission in the policy. The principal is A in the statement "A has permission to do B to C where D applies." In a policy, you can set the principal to "anyone" (that is, you can specify a wildcard to represent all people). You might do this, for example, if you don't want to restrict access based on the actual identity of the requester, but instead on some other identifying characteristic such as the requester's IP address.

The concept of principals doesn't apply to a IAM policy, because these policies are attached to users or groups.

private IP address

All Amazon EC2 instances are assigned two IP addresses at launch, which are directly mapped to each other through Network Address Translation (NAT): a private address (following RFC 1918) and a public address. Exception: Instances launched in Amazon Virtual Private Cloud are assigned only a private IP address.

private subnet

A VPC subnet whose instances cannot be reached from the Internet.

product activation

See activation.

product code

The product code is an eight-character string that identifies your registered product to AWS.

product identification token

See product token.

product token

The product token is a long encoded string that identifies the product to AWS. You might also see the product token referred to as the product identification token.

provisioned IOPS

A storage option designed to deliver fast, predictable, and consistent I/O performance. When you specify an IOPS rate while creating a DB Instance, Amazon RDS provisions that IOPS rate for the lifetime of the DB Instance.

pseudo parameter

Pseudo parameters are a part of the AWS CloudFormation core product. You can use them without having to declare them in your template.

public AMI

An Amazon Machine Image that all AWS accounts have permission to launch.

public data set

A large set of public data that can be seamlessly integrated into AWS cloud-based applications. Amazon stores public data sets at no charge to the community and, like all AWS services, users pay only for the compute and storage they use for their own applications. These data sets currently include data from the Human Genome Project, the U.S. Census, Wikipedia, and other sources.

public IP address

public subnet

A subnet whose instances can be reached from the Internet.

purchase URL

The URL your customers use to purchase your product. When you advertise your product, you provide the purchase URL as the sign-up link for customers to use.

Q

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Qualification

A property associated with a worker that represents that worker's skill, ability, or reputation. A Requester can use Qualifications to control which workers can perform HITs. Each worker can have multiple Qualifications.

Qualification requirements

A Human Intelligence Task can have Qualification requirements that a worker's Qualifications (q.v.) must meet before the worker can accept that HIT.

Qualification test

A form, similar to a HIT, containing a set of questions that the worker must complete successfully to receive a particular Qualification.

Qualification type

Just as each worker has one or more Qualification, each Human Intelligence Task has one or more Qualification type. These types specify what Qualifications the worker must have.

Query

A type of HTTP-based request interface that generally uses only the GET or POST HTTP method and a query string with parameters.

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range GET

A range GET specifies a byte range of data to get for a download. If an object is large, you can break up a download into smaller units by sending multiple range GET requests that each specify a different byte range to GET.

rank expression

A numeric expression that you can use to control how search hits are ranked. You can construct rank expressions using uint fields, other rank expressions, a document's default text_relevance score, and standard numeric operators and functions. When you use the rank option to specify a rank expression in a search request, the expression is evaluated for each search hit and the hits are listed according to their rank expression values.

raw email

A type of sendmail request that allows you to specify the email headers and MIME types.

RDS

See Amazon Relational Database Service.

read replica

An active copy of another DB Instance. Any updates to the data on the source DB Instance are replicated to the read replica DB Instance using the built-in replication feature of MySQL 5.1.

receipt handle

An identifier you get when you receive a message from the queue. This identifier is required to delete a message from the queue or when changing a message's visibility timeout.

receiver

The entity that consists of the network systems, software, and policies that manage email delivery for a recipient.

recipient

Amazon Flexible Payments Service: A seller who receives a payment from a buyer (sender) in exchange for a service or product.

Amazon Simple Email Service: The person or entity receiving an email message. For example, a person named in the "To" field of a message.

recipient token

A general term to cover all types of payment tokens associated with recipients (for example, single-use token, multi-use token, and recurring-use token).

recurring payment

An Amazon FPS payment processed with a recurring payment token. Payments can occur periodically using the same payment token. The token is valid until it expires.

recurring-use token

A type of multi-use token that is restricted to a predetermined fixed amount and a regular payment interval.

Recurring-Use Token API

The Co-Branded service API that creates a recurring-use token.

redirect URL

The page on your own website that you want customers to see at the end of the purchase process for your product. You provide the URL when you register the product with DevPay.

reducer

An executable in the MapReduce process that uses the intermediate results from the mapper and processes them into the final output.

reference

A reference allows you to insert a property from one AWS resource into another. For example, you could insert an EC2 security group property into an Amazon RDS resource.

region

A named set of AWS resources in the same geographical area. A region comprises at least two Availability Zones.

reply path

The email address to which an email reply is sent. This is different from the return path.

reputation

1. An Amazon Simple Email Service metric, based on factors that might include bounces, complaints, and other metrics, regarding whether or not a customer is sending high-quality emails.

2. A measure of confidence, as judged by an Internet Service Provider or other entity that an IP address that they are receiving emails from is not the source of spam.

requester

A requester is a person who sends a request to an AWS service and asks for access to a particular resource. The requester sends a request to AWS that essentially says: "Can A do B to C where D applies?" In this question, the requester is A.

S

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sampling period

A defined duration of time, such as 60 seconds, over which CloudWatch collects a statistic.

sandbox

A testing location where you can test the functionality of your application without affecting production, incurring charges, or purchasing products.

Amazon Simple Email Service: An Amazon Simple Email Service environment that is designed for developers to test and evaluate the service. In the sandbox, you have full access to the Amazon Simple Email Service API, but you can only send messages to verified email addresses and the mailbox simulator. To get out of the sandbox, you need to apply for production access. Accounts in the sandbox also have lower sending limits than production accounts.

Scaling Activity

A long-running process that changes the size, configuration, or makeup of an Auto Scaling group.

SDF

See Search Data Format.

search API

The API that you use to submit search requests to an Amazon CloudSearch domain.

Search Data Format

The format that you use to describe the data that you want to add or delete from an Amazon CloudSearch domain. Search Data Format (SDF) can be represented as either JSON or XML.

search domain

Encapsulates your searchable data and the search instances that handle your search requests. You set up a separate domain for each different collection of data that you want to search.

search domain configuration

A search domain's indexing options, text options, access policies, and rank expressions.

search domain name

A user-specified name that is used to construct a unique identifier for a search domain.

search enabled

An search index field option that enables the field data to be searched.

search index

A representation of your searchable data that facilitates fast and accurate data retrieval.

search instance

A compute resource that indexes your data and processes search requests. A search domain has one or more search instances, each with a finite amount of RAM and CPU resources. As your data volume grows, more search instances or larger search instances are deployed to contain your indexed data. When necessary, your index is automatically partitioned across multiple search instances. As your request volume or complexity increases, each search partition is automatically replicated to provide additional processing capacity.

search request

A request that is sent to a search domain to retrieve documents that match particular search criteria.

search result

A document that matches a search request. Also referred to as a search hit.

search service endpoint

The URL that you connect to when sending search requests to a search domain.

secret access key

A key that Amazon Web Services assigns to you when you sign up for an AWS account. Sometimes called simply a "secret key."

security group

A named set of allowed inbound network connections for an instance. (Security groups in Amazon Virtual Private Cloud also include support for outbound connections.) Each security group consists of a list of protocols, ports, and IP address ranges. A security group can apply to multiple instances, and multiple groups can regulate a single instance.

seller

Flexible Payments Service, Amazon Simple Pay: A seller receives money from a buyer in exchange for a service or product.

Amazon Simple Pay: Individual who receives a payment from a buyer using an Amazon Simple Pay button. The seller receives money from a buyer in exchange for a service or product.

sender

Amazon Flexible Payments Service: A sender (also known as the buyer) pays a recipient for a product or service.

Amazon Simple Email Service: The person or entity sending an email message.

Sender ID

A Microsoft-controlled version of SPF. An email authentication and anti-spoofing system. For more information about Sender ID, go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sender_ID.

sender token

A general term to cover all types of payment tokens that can be associated with a sender (for example, single-use token, recurring use token, postpaid token, and so on).

sending limits

The sending quota and maximum send rate that are associated with every Amazon Simple Email Service account.

sending quota

The maximum number of emails that you can send using Amazon Simple Email Service in a 24-hour period.

service endpoint

See endpoint.

server-side signature verification

Method used to validate Instant Payment Notification (IPN) and Return URL responses.

service health dashboard

A web page showing up-to-the-minute information about AWS service availability. The dashboard is located at http://status.aws.amazon.com.

settle

To complete a transaction that has been reserved. If you don't charge the sender immediately when the purchase is initiated (and instead reserve the amount against the sender's credit card), you settle the transaction later, typically after you ship the product to the sender. In FPS, Settling moves the reserved amount from the sender to the recipient.

Amazon Simple Pay does not support settling purchases. You must use the Amazon Simple Pay API Settle to implement that functionality.

settlement token

A payment token used to settle the debt accumulated with a postpaid credit instrument.

SHA

Secure Hash Algorithm. SHA1 is an earlier version of the algorithm, which AWS has deprecated in favor of SHA256.

shared AMI

An Amazon Machine Image that a developer builds and makes available for others to use.

shutdown action

A predefined bootstrap action that launches a script that executes a series of commands in parallel before terminating the job flow.

signature

Refers to a digital signature, which is a mathematical way to confirm the authenticity of a digital message. AWS uses signatures to authenticate the requests you send to our web services. For more information, to http://aws.amazon.com/security.

SIGNATURE file

A file you copy to the root directory of your storage device. The file contains a job ID, manifest file, and a signature.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

See SMTP.

Single-AZ DB Instance

A standard (non-Multi-AZ) DB Instance that is deployed in one Availability Zone, without a standby replica in another Availability Zone.

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tag

Metadata (consisting of up to 10 key/value pairs) that you can define and assign to EC2 resources.

tagging

Also called labeling. A way to format return path email addresses so that you can specify a different return path for each recipient of a message. Tagging enables you to support VERP. For example, if Andrew manages a mailing list, he can use the return paths andrew+recipient1@example.net and andrew+recipient2@example.net so that he can determine which email bounced.

task node

An EC2 instance that runs Hadoop map and reduce tasks, but does not store data. Task nodes are managed by the master node, which assigns Hadoop tasks to nodes and monitors their status. While a job flow is running you can increase and decrease the number of task nodes. Because they don't store data and can be added and removed from a job flow, you can use task nodes to manage the EC2 instance capacity your job flow uses, increasing capacity to handle peak loads and decreasing it later.

Task nodes only run a TaskTracker Hadoop daemon.

tebibyte

A contraction of tera binary byte, a tebibyte is 2^40 bytes or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes. A terabyte is 10^12 or 1,000,000,000,000 bytes.

template

A JSON compliant file used to create a stack.

text options

Domain-specific stopword, stemming, and synonym dictionaries used during text processing when building a search index. Stopwords and stems are also used at search time to process the search terms before looking for matching documents in the index.

text_relevance

A built-in relevance score that's based on the repetition of search terms in the document and proximity of search terms to each other in each matching index field in the document. A document's text_relevance score is an integer value from 0 to 1000 (inclusive).

throttling

The means by which Amazon Simple Email Service rejects your attempts to send email because you have exceeded your sending limits.

time series data

A metric is the fundamental concept for CloudWatch and represents a time-ordered set of data points. You publish metric data points into CloudWatch and later retrieve statistics about those data points as a time-series ordered data set.

time stamp

A date/time string in ISO 8601 format.

TLS

See Transport Layer Security.

tokenization

Part of the text processing that Amazon CloudSearch performs when indexing and processing search requests. During indexing, the contents of each text field are split into a collection of tokens that can be indexed separately. Punctuation is stripped and each word (that isn't in the stopword list) becomes a token. For example, the string "spider-man" would be split into two tokens: spider and man. At search time, the search terms are tokenized using the same rules before being matched against the indexed tokens.

topic

A communication channel to send messages and subscribe to notifications. It provides an access point for publishers and subscribers to communicate with each other.

Transport Layer Security

A cryptographic protocol that provides security for communication over the Internet. Its predecessor is Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).

trigger

The mechanism used to initiate Auto Scaling activities.

trusted signers

AWS accounts that the CloudFront distribution owner has given permission to create signed URLs for a distribution's content.

tuning

Selecting the number and type of AMIs to run a Hadoop job flow most efficiently.

tunnel

A route for transmission of private network traffic that uses the Internet to connect nodes in the private network. The tunnel uses encryption and secure protocols such as PPTP to prevent the traffic from being intercepted as it passes through public routing nodes.

U

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unit: A unit of measure. CloudWatch units include seconds, bytes, count, bits/second and so on.
usage report: An AWS report giving details of your usage of a particular AWS service. You can generate and download usage reports from http://aws.amazon.com/usage-reports.
user: A person or application under an account that needs to make API calls to AWS products. Each user has a unique name within the AWS account, and a set of security credentials not shared with other users. These credentials are separate from the AWS account's security credentials. Each user is associated with one and only one AWS account.
user token: A customer credential returned to your product during product activation. The user token is a long, encoded string that AWS uses to identify the customer. Your product provides the customer's user token in each request for Amazon S3 the product makes on behalf of the customer. Every user token generated for a particular customer differs from the others because the creation time is one of the items making up the token value.

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value

Instances of attributes for an item, such as cells in a spreadsheet. An attribute might have multiple values.

value-add

The amount you charge each customer on top of the cost of the AWS services they used.

Variable Envelope Return Path

See VERP.

verification

The process of confirming that you own an email address or a domain so that you can send emails from or to it.

VERP

Variable Envelope Return Path. A way in which email sending applications can match bounced emails with the undeliverable address that caused the bounce by using a different return path for each recipient. VERP is typically used for mailing lists. With VERP, the recipient's email address is embedded in the address of the return path, which is where bounced emails are returned. This makes it possible to automate the processing of bounced emails without having to open the bounce messages, which may vary in content.

versioning

Every object in Amazon S3 has a key and a version ID. Objects with the same key, but different version IDs can be stored in the same bucket. Versioning is enabled at the bucket layer using PUT Bucket versioning.

W

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Web Services Description Language: A language used to describe the actions that a web service can perform, along with the syntax of action requests and responses. Your SOAP or other toolkit interprets a WSDL file to provide your application access to the actions provided by the web service. For most toolkits, your application calls a service action using routines and classes provided or generated by the toolkit.
website owner: A developer who uses Amazon Flexible Payments Service, such as by creating an Amazon Simple Pay button.
worker: A person who performs the tasks specified by a Requester in a Human Intelligence Task.

X, Y, Z

No entries

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