Authorization types API_KEY authorization AWS_LAMBDA authorization AWS_IAM authorization OPENID_CONNECT authorization AMAZON_COGNITO_USER_POOLS authorization Using additional authorization modes Fine-grained access control Filtering information Data source access

Authorization and authentication

This section describes options for configuring security and data protection for your applications.

Authorization types

There are five ways you can authorize applications to interact with your AWS AppSync GraphQL API. You specify which authorization type you use by specifying one of the following authorization type values in your AWS AppSync API or CLI call:

API_KEY

For using API keys.
AWS_LAMBDA

For using an AWS Lambda function.
AWS_IAM

For using AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) permissions.
OPENID_CONNECT

For using your OpenID Connect provider.
AMAZON_COGNITO_USER_POOLS

For using an Amazon Cognito user pool.

These basic authorization types work for most developers. For more advanced use cases, you can add additional authorization modes through the console, the CLI, and AWS CloudFormation. For additional authorization modes, AWS AppSync provides an authorization type that takes the values listed above (that is, API_KEY, AWS_LAMBDA, AWS_IAM, OPENID_CONNECT, and AMAZON_COGNITO_USER_POOLS).

When you specify API_KEY,AWS_LAMBDA, or AWS_IAM as the main or default authorization type, you can’t specify them again as one of the additional authorization modes. Similarly, you can’t duplicate API_KEY, AWS_LAMBDA or AWS_IAM inside the additional authorization modes. You can use multiple Amazon Cognito User Pools and OpenID Connect providers. However, you can’t use duplicate Amazon Cognito User Pools or OpenID Connect providers between the default authorization mode and any of the additional authorization modes. You can specify different clients for your Amazon Cognito User Pool or OpenID Connect provider using the corresponding configuration regular expression.

API_KEY authorization

Unauthenticated APIs require more strict throttling than authenticated APIs. One way to control throttling for unauthenticated GraphQL endpoints is through the use of API keys. An API key is a hard-coded value in your application that is generated by the AWS AppSync service when you create an unauthenticated GraphQL endpoint. You can rotate API keys from the console, from the CLI, or from the AWS AppSync API reference.

Console

Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the AppSync console.
1. In the APIs dashboard, choose your GraphQL API.
2. In the Sidebar, choose Settings.
Under Default authorization mode, choose API key.
In the API keys table, choose Add API key.

A new API key will be generated in the table.
1. To delete an old API key, select the API key in the table and then choose Delete.
Choose Save at the bottom of the page.

CLI

If you haven't already done so, configure your access to the AWS CLI. For more information, see Configuration basics.

Create a GraphQL API object by running the update-graphql-api command.

You'll need to type in two parameters for this particular command:

The api-id of your GraphQL API.
The new name of your API. You can use the same name.
The authentication-type, which will be API_KEY.

Note

There are other parameters such as Region that must be configured but will usually default to your CLI configuration values.

An example command may look like this:


aws appsync update-graphql-api --api-id abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz --name TestAPI --authentication-type API_KEY

An output will be returned in the CLI. Here's an example in JSON:


{
    "graphqlApi": {
        "xrayEnabled": false,
        "name": "TestAPI",
        "authenticationType": "API_KEY",
        "tags": {},
        "apiId": "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz",
        "uris": {
            "GRAPHQL": "https://s8i3kk3ufhe9034ujnv73r513e.appsync-api.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/graphql",
            "REALTIME": "wss://s8i3kk3ufhe9034ujnv73r513e.appsync-realtime-api.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/graphql"
        },
        "arn": "arn:aws:appsync:us-west-2:348581070237:apis/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
    }
}

API keys are configurable for up to 365 days, and you can extend an existing expiration date for up to another 365 days from that day. API Keys are recommended for development purposes or use cases where it’s safe to expose a public API.

On the client, the API key is specified by the header x-api-key.

For example, if your API_KEY is 'ABC123', you can send a GraphQL query via curl as follows:


$ curl -XPOST -H "Content-Type:application/graphql" -H "x-api-key:ABC123" -d '{ "query": "query { movies { id } }" }' https://YOURAPPSYNCENDPOINT/graphql

AWS_LAMBDA authorization

You can implement your own API authorization logic using an AWS Lambda function. You can use a Lambda function for either your primary or secondary authorizer, but there may only be one Lambda authorization function per API. When using Lambda functions for authorization, the following applies:

If the API has the AWS_LAMBDA and AWS_IAM authorization modes enabled, then the SigV4 signature cannot be used as the AWS_LAMBDA authorization token.
If the API has the AWS_LAMBDA and OPENID_CONNECT authorization modes or the AMAZON_COGNITO_USER_POOLS authorization mode enabled, then the OIDC token cannot be used as the AWS_LAMBDA authorization token. Note that the OIDC token can be a Bearer scheme.
A Lambda function must not return more than 5MB of contextual data for resolvers.

For example, if your authorization token is 'ABC123', you can send a GraphQL query via curl as follows:


$ curl -XPOST -H "Content-Type:application/graphql" -H "Authorization:ABC123" -d '{ "query":
         "query { movies { id } }" }' https://YOURAPPSYNCENDPOINT/graphql

Lambda functions are called before each query or mutation. The return value can be cached based on the API ID and the authentication token. By default, caching is not turned on, but this can be enabled at the API level or by setting the ttlOverride value in a function's return value.

A regular expression that validates authorization tokens before the function is called can be specified if desired. These regular expressions are used to validate that an authorization token is of the correct format before your function is called. Any request using a token which does not match this regular expression will be denied automatically.

Lambda functions used for authorization require a principal policy for appsync.amazonaws.com to be applied on them to allow AWS AppSync to call them. This action is done automatically in the AWS AppSync console; The AWS AppSync console does not remove the policy. For more information on attaching policies to Lambda functions, see Resource-based policies in the AWS Lambda Developer Guide.

The Lambda function you specify will receive an event with the following shape:


{
    "authorizationToken": "ExampleAUTHtoken123123123",
    "requestContext": {
        "apiId": "aaaaaa123123123example123",
        "accountId": "111122223333",
        "requestId": "f4081827-1111-4444-5555-5cf4695f339f",
        "queryString": "mutation CreateEvent {...}\n\nquery MyQuery {...}\n",
        "operationName": "MyQuery",
        "variables": {}
    }
    "requestHeaders": {
        application request headers
    }
}

The event object contains the headers that were sent in the request from the application client to AWS AppSync.

The authorization function must return at least isAuthorized, a boolean indicating if the request is authorized. AWS AppSync recognizes the following keys returned from Lambda authorization functions:

isAuthorized (boolean, required)

A boolean value indicating if the value in authorizationToken is authorized to make calls to the GraphQL API.

If this value is true, execution of the GraphQL API continues. If this value is false, an UnauthorizedException is raised

deniedFields (list of string, optional)

A list of which are forcibly changed to null, even if a value was returned from a resolver.

Each item is either a fully qualified field ARN in the form of arn:aws:appsync:us-east-1:111122223333:apis/GraphQLApiId/types/TypeName/fields/FieldName or a short form of TypeName.FieldName. The full ARN form should be used when two APIs share a Lambda function authorizer and there might be ambiguity between common types and fields between the two APIs.

resolverContext (JSON Object, optional)

A JSON object visible as $ctx.identity.resolverContext in resolver templates. For example, if the following structure is returned by a resolver:


{
  "isAuthorized":true
  "resolverContext": {
    "banana":"very yellow",
    "apple":"very green" 
  }
}

The value of ctx.identity.resolverContext.apple in resolver templates will be "very green". The resolverContext object only supports key-value pairs. Nested keys are not supported.

Warning

The total size of this JSON object must not exceed 5MB.

ttlOverride (integer, optional): The number of seconds that the response should be cached for. If no value is returned, the value from the API is used. If this is 0, the response is not cached.

Lambda authorizers have a timeout of 10 seconds. We recommend designing functions to execute in the shortest amount of time as possible to scale the performance of your API.

Multiple AWS AppSync APIs can share a single authentication Lambda function. Cross account authorizer use is not permitted.

When sharing an authorization function between multiple APIs, be aware that short-form field names (typename.fieldname) may inadvertently hide fields. To disambiguate a field in deniedFields, you can specify an unambiguous field ARN in the form of arn:aws:appsync:region:accountId:apis/GraphQLApiId/types/typeName/fields/fieldName.

To add a Lambda function as the default authorization mode in AWS AppSync:

Console

Log into the AWS AppSync Console and navigate to the API you wish to update.
Navigate to the Settings page for your API.

Change the API-Level authorization to AWS Lambda.
Choose the AWS Region and Lambda ARN to authorize API calls against.

Note
The appropriate principal policy will be added automatically, allowing AWS AppSync to call your Lambda function.
Optionally, set the response TTL and token validation regular expression.

AWS CLI

Attach the following policy to the Lambda function being used:


aws lambda add-permission --function-name "my-function" --statement-id "appsync" --principal appsync.amazonaws.com --action lambda:InvokeFunction --output text

Important

If you want the policy of the function to be locked to a single GraphQL API, you can run this command:


aws lambda add-permission --function-name “my-function” --statement-id “appsync” --principal appsync.amazonaws.com --action lambda:InvokeFunction --source-arn “<my AppSync API ARN>” --output text

Update your AWS AppSync API to use the given Lambda function ARN as the authorizer:
```
aws appsync update-graphql-api --api-id example2f0ur2oid7acexample --name exampleAPI --authentication-type AWS_LAMBDA --lambda-authorizer-config authorizerUri="arn:aws:lambda:us-east-2:111122223333:function:my-function"
```
Note
You can also include other configuration options such as the token regular expression.

The following example describes a Lambda function that demonstrates the various authentication and failure states a Lambda function can have when used as a AWS AppSync authorization mechanism:



def handler(event, context):
  # This is the authorization token passed by the client
  token = event.get('authorizationToken')
  # If a lambda authorizer throws an exception, it will be treated as unauthorized. 
  if 'Fail' in token:
    raise Exception('Purposefully thrown exception in Lambda Authorizer.')

  if 'Authorized' in token and 'ReturnContext' in token:
    return {
      'isAuthorized': True,
      'resolverContext': {
        'key': 'value'
      }
    }

  # Authorized with no f
  if 'Authorized' in token:
    return {
      'isAuthorized': True
    }
  # Partial authorization
  if 'Partial' in token:
    return {
      'isAuthorized': True,
      'deniedFields':['user.favoriteColor']
    }
  if 'NeverCache' in token:
    return {
      'isAuthorized': True,
      'ttlOverride': 0
    }
  if 'Unauthorized' in token:
    return {
      'isAuthorized': False
    }
  # if nothing is returned, then the authorization fails. 
  return {}

Circumventing SigV4 and OIDC token authorization limitations

The following methods can be used to circumvent the issue of not being able to use your SigV4 signature or OIDC token as your Lambda authorization token when certain authorization modes are enabled.

If you want to use the SigV4 signature as the Lambda authorization token when the AWS_IAM and AWS_LAMBDA authorization modes are enabled for AWS AppSync's API, do the following:

To create a new Lambda authorization token, add random suffixes and/or prefixes to the SigV4 signature.
To retrieve the original SigV4 signature, update your Lambda function by removing the random prefixes and/or suffixes from the Lambda authorization token. Then, use the original SigV4 signature for authentication.

If you want to use the OIDC token as the Lambda authorization token when the OPENID_CONNECT authorization mode or the AMAZON_COGNITO_USER_POOLS and AWS_LAMBDA authorization modes are enabled for AWS AppSync's API, do the following:

To create a new Lambda authorization token, add random suffixes and/or prefixes to the OIDC token. The Lambda authorization token should not contain a Bearer scheme prefix.
To retrieve the original OIDC token, update your Lambda function by removing the random prefixes and/or suffixes from the Lambda authorization token. Then, use the original OIDC token for authentication.

AWS_IAM authorization

This authorization type enforces the AWS signature version 4 signing process on the GraphQL API. You can associate Identity and Access Management (IAM) access policies with this authorization type. Your application can leverage this association by using an access key (which consists of an access key ID and secret access key) or by using short-lived, temporary credentials provided by Amazon Cognito Federated Identities.

If you want a role that has access to perform all data operations:


{
   "Version": "2012-10-17",
   "Statement": [
      {
         "Effect": "Allow",
         "Action": [
            "appsync:GraphQL"
         ],
         "Resource": [
            "arn:aws:appsync:us-west-2:123456789012:apis/YourGraphQLApiId/*"
         ]
      }
   ]
}

You can find YourGraphQLApiId from the main API listing page in the AppSync console, directly under the name of your API. Alternatively you can retrieve it with the CLI: aws appsync list-graphql-apis

If you want to restrict access to just certain GraphQL operations, you can do this for the root Query, Mutation, and Subscription fields.


{
   "Version": "2012-10-17",
   "Statement": [
      {
         "Effect": "Allow",
         "Action": [
            "appsync:GraphQL"
         ],
         "Resource": [
            "arn:aws:appsync:us-west-2:123456789012:apis/YourGraphQLApiId/types/Query/fields/<Field-1>",
            "arn:aws:appsync:us-west-2:123456789012:apis/YourGraphQLApiId/types/Query/fields/<Field-2>",
            "arn:aws:appsync:us-west-2:123456789012:apis/YourGraphQLApiId/types/Mutation/fields/<Field-1>",
            "arn:aws:appsync:us-west-2:123456789012:apis/YourGraphQLApiId/types/Subscription/fields/<Field-1>"
         ]
     }
   ]
}

For example, suppose you have the following schema and you want to restrict access to getting all posts:


schema {
   query: Query
   mutation: Mutation
}

type Query {
   posts:[Post!]!
}

type Mutation {
   addPost(id:ID!, title:String!):Post!
}

The corresponding IAM policy for a role (that you could attach to an Amazon Cognito identity pool, for example) would look like the following:


{
    "Version": "2012-10-17",
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Action": [
            "appsync:GraphQL"
            ],
            "Resource": [
                "arn:aws:appsync:us-west-2:123456789012:apis/YourGraphQLApiId/types/Query/fields/posts"
            ]
        }
    ]
}

OPENID_CONNECT authorization

This authorization type enforces OpenID connect (OIDC) tokens provided by an OIDC-compliant service. Your application can leverage users and privileges defined by your OIDC provider for controlling access.

An Issuer URL is the only required configuration value that you provide to AWS AppSync (for example, https://auth.example.com). This URL must be addressable over HTTPS. AWS AppSync appends /.well-known/openid-configuration to the issuer URL and locates the OpenID configuration at https://auth.example.com/.well-known/openid-configuration per the OpenID Connect Discovery specification. It expects to retrieve an RFC5785 compliant JSON document at this URL. This JSON document must contain a jwks_uri key, which points to the JSON Web Key Set (JWKS) document with the signing keys. AWS AppSync requires the JWKS to contain JSON fields of kty and kid.

AWS AppSync supports a wide range of signing algorithms.

Signing algorithms
RS256
RS384
RS512
PS256
PS384
PS512
HS256
HS384
HS512
ES256
ES384
ES512

We recommend that you use the RSA algorithms. Tokens issued by the provider must include the time at which the token was issued (iat) and may include the time at which it was authenticated (auth_time). You can provide TTL values for issued time (iatTTL) and authentication time (authTTL) in your OpenID Connect configuration for additional validation. If your provider authorizes multiple applications, you can also provide a regular expression (clientId) that is used to authorize by client ID. When the clientId is present in your OpenID Connect configuration, AWS AppSync validates the claim by requiring the clientId to match with either the aud or azp claim in the token.

To validate multiple client IDs use the pipeline operator (“|”) which is an “or” in regular expression. For example, if your OIDC application has four clients with client IDs such as 0A1S2D, 1F4G9H, 1J6L4B, 6GS5MG, to validate only the first three client IDs, you would place 1F4G9H|1J6L4B|6GS5MG in the client ID field.

AMAZON_COGNITO_USER_POOLS authorization

This authorization type enforces OIDC tokens provided by Amazon Cognito User Pools. Your application can leverage the users and groups in your user pools and associate these with GraphQL fields for controlling access.

When using Amazon Cognito User Pools, you can create groups that users belong to. This information is encoded in a JWT token that your application sends to AWS AppSync in an authorization header when sending GraphQL operations. You can use GraphQL directives on the schema to control which groups can invoke which resolvers on a field, thereby giving more controlled access to your customers.

For example, suppose you have the following GraphQL schema:


schema {
   query: Query
   mutation: Mutation
}

type Query {
   posts:[Post!]!
}

type Mutation {
   addPost(id:ID!, title:String!):Post!
}
...

If you have two groups in Amazon Cognito User Pools - bloggers and readers - and you want to restrict the readers so that they cannot add new entries, then your schema should look like this:


schema {
   query: Query
   mutation: Mutation
}


type Query {
   posts:[Post!]!
   @aws_auth(cognito_groups: ["Bloggers", "Readers"])
}

type Mutation {
   addPost(id:ID!, title:String!):Post!
   @aws_auth(cognito_groups: ["Bloggers"])
}
...

Note that you can omit the @aws_auth directive if you want to default to a specific grant-or-deny strategy on access. You can specify the grant-or-deny strategy in the user pool configuration when you create your GraphQL API via the console or via the following CLI command:


$ aws appsync --region us-west-2 create-graphql-api --authentication-type AMAZON_COGNITO_USER_POOLS  --name userpoolstest --user-pool-config '{ "userPoolId":"test", "defaultEffect":"ALLOW", "awsRegion":"us-west-2"}'

Using additional authorization modes

When you add additional authorization modes, you can directly configure the authorization setting at the AWS AppSync GraphQL API level (that is, the authenticationType field that you can directly configure on the GraphqlApi object) and it acts as the default on the schema. This means that any type that doesn’t have a specific directive has to pass the API level authorization setting.

At the schema level, you can specify additional authorization modes using directives on the schema. You can specify authorization modes on individual fields in the schema. For example, for API_KEY authorization you would use @aws_api_key on schema object type definitions/fields. The following directives are supported on schema fields and object type definitions:

@aws_api_key - To specify the field is API_KEY authorized.
@aws_iam - To specify that the field is AWS_IAM authorized.
@aws_oidc - To specify that the field is OPENID_CONNECT authorized.
@aws_cognito_user_pools - To specify that the field is AMAZON_COGNITO_USER_POOLS authorized.
@aws_lambda - To specify that the field is AWS_LAMBDA authorized.

You can’t use the @aws_auth directive along with additional authorization modes. @aws_auth works only in the context of AMAZON_COGNITO_USER_POOLS authorization with no additional authorization modes. However, you can use the @aws_cognito_user_pools directive in place of the @aws_auth directive, using the same arguments. The main difference between the two is that you can specify @aws_cognito_user_pools on any field and object type definitions.

To understand how the additional authorization modes work and how they can be specified on a schema, let’s have a look at the following schema:


schema {
   query: Query
   mutation: Mutation
}

type Query {
   getPost(id: ID): Post
   getAllPosts(): [Post]
   @aws_api_key
}

type Mutation {
   addPost(
      id: ID!
      author: String!
      title: String!
      content: String!
      url: String!
   ): Post!
}

type Post @aws_api_key @aws_iam {
   id: ID!
   author: String
   title: String
   content: String
   url: String
   ups: Int!
   downs: Int!
   version: Int!
}
...

For this schema, assume that AWS_IAM is the default authorization type on the AWS AppSync GraphQL API. This means that fields that don’t have a directive are protected using AWS_IAM. For example, that’s the case for the getPost field on the Query type. Schema directives enable you to use more than one authorization mode. For example, you can have API_KEY configured as an additional authorization mode on the AWS AppSync GraphQL API, and you can mark a field using the @aws_api_key directive (for example, getAllPosts in this example). Directives work at the field level so you need to give API_KEY access to the Post type too. You can do this either by marking each field in the Post type with a directive, or by marking the Post type with the @aws_api_key directive.

To further restrict access to fields in the Post type you can use directives against individual fields in the Post type as shown following.

For example, you can add a restrictedContent field to the Post type and restrict access to it by using the @aws_iam directive. AWS_IAM authenticated requests could access restrictedContent, however, API_KEY requests wouldn’t be able to access it.


type Post @aws_api_key @aws_iam{
   id: ID!
   author: String
   title: String
   content: String
   url: String
   ups: Int!
   downs: Int!
   version: Int!
   restrictedContent: String!
   @aws_iam
}
...

Fine-grained access control

The preceding information demonstrates how to restrict or grant access to certain GraphQL fields. If you want to set access controls on the data based on certain conditions (for example, based on the user that’s making a call and whether the user owns the data) you can use mapping templates in your resolvers. You can also perform more complex business logic, which we describe in Filtering Information.

This section shows how to set access controls on your data using a DynamoDB resolver mapping template.

Before proceeding any further, if you’re not familiar with mapping templates in AWS AppSync, you may want to review the Resolver mapping template reference and the Resolver mapping template reference for DynamoDB.

In the following example using DynamoDB, suppose you’re using the preceding blog post schema, and only users that created a post are allowed to edit it. The evaluation process would be for the user to gain credentials in their application, using Amazon Cognito User Pools for example, and then pass these credentials as part of a GraphQL operation. The mapping template will then substitute a value from the credentials (like the username)in a conditional statement which will then be compared to a value in your database.

To add this functionality, add a GraphQL field of editPost as follows:


schema {
   query: Query
   mutation: Mutation
}

type Query {
   posts:[Post!]!
}

type Mutation {
   editPost(id:ID!, title:String, content:String):Post
   addPost(id:ID!, title:String!):Post!
}
...

The resolver mapping template for editPost (shown in an example at the end of this section) needs to perform a logical check against your data store to allow only the user that created a post to edit it. Since this is an edit operation, it corresponds to an UpdateItem in DynamoDB. You can perform a conditional check before performing this action, using context passed through for user identity validation. This is stored in an Identity object that has the following values:


{
   "accountId" : "12321434323",
   "cognitoIdentityPoolId" : "",
   "cognitoIdentityId" : "",
   "sourceIP" : "",
   "caller" : "ThisistheprincipalARN",
   "username" : "username",
   "userArn" : "Sameasabove"
}

To use this object in a DynamoDBUpdateItem call, you need to store the user identity information in the table for comparison. First, your addPost mutation needs to store the creator. Second, your editPost mutation needs to perform the conditional check before updating.

Here is an example of the resolver code for addPost that stores the user identity as an Author column:


import { util, Context } from '@aws-appsync/utils';
import { put } from '@aws-appsync/utils/dynamodb';

export function request(ctx) {
	const { id: postId, ...item } = ctx.args;
	return put({
		key: { postId },
		item: { ...item, Author: ctx.identity.username },
		condition: { postId: { attributeExists: false } },
	});
}

export const response = (ctx) => ctx.result;

Note that the Author attribute is populated from the Identity object, which came from the application.

Finally, here is an example of the resolver code for editPost, which only updates the content of the blog post if the request comes from the user that created the post:


import { util, Context } from '@aws-appsync/utils';
import { put } from '@aws-appsync/utils/dynamodb';

export function request(ctx) {
	const { id, ...item } = ctx.args;
	return put({
		key: { id },
		item,
		condition: { author: { contains: ctx.identity.username } },
	});
}

export const response = (ctx) => ctx.result;

This example uses a PutItem that overwrites all values rather than an UpdateItem, but the same concept applies on the condition statement block.

Filtering information

There may be cases where you cannot control the response from your data source, but you don’t want to send unnecessary information to clients on a successful write or read to the data source. In these cases, you can filter information by using a response mapping template.

For example, suppose you don’t have an appropriate index on your blog post DynamoDB table (such as an index on Author). You could use the following resolver:


import { util, Context } from '@aws-appsync/utils';
import { get } from '@aws-appsync/utils/dynamodb';

export function request(ctx) {
	return get({ key: { ctx.args.id } });
}

export function response(ctx) {
	if (ctx.result.author === ctx.identity.username) {
		return ctx.result;
	}
	return null;
}

The request handler fetches the item even if the caller isn’t the author who created the post. To prevent this from returning all data, the response handler checks to make sure the caller matches the item’s author. If the caller doesn’t match this check, only a null response is returned.

Data source access

AWS AppSync communicates with data sources using Identity and Access Management (IAM) roles and access policies. If you are using an existing role, a Trust Policy needs to be added in order for AWS AppSync to assume the role. The trust relationship will look like below:


{
    "Version": "2012-10-17",
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Principal": {
                "Service": "appsync.amazonaws.com"
            },
            "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
        }
    ]
}

It’s important to scope down the access policy on the role to only have permissions to act on the minimal set of resources necessary. When using the AppSync console to create a data source and create a role, this is done automatically for you. However when using a built in sample template from the IAM console to create a role outside of the AWS AppSync console the permissions will not be automatically scoped down on a resource and you should perform this action before moving your application to production.

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Document Conventions

Using environment variables in AWS AppSync

Authorization use cases