Bootstrap your AWS environments Initialize project Define pipelines Sources and synth actions Application stages Testing deployments Security notes Troubleshooting tips Known issues and limitations Help us help you

Continuous integration and delivery (CI/CD) using CDK Pipelines

CDK Pipelines is a construct library module for painless continuous delivery of AWS CDK applications. Whenever you check your AWS CDK app's source code in to AWS CodeCommit, GitHub, or BitBucket, CDK Pipelines can automatically build, test, and deploy your new version.

CDK Pipelines are self-updating: if you add new application stages or new stacks, the pipeline automatically reconfigures itself to deploy those new stages and/or stacks.

If you've looked at our AWS CodePipeline example, CDK Pipelines can do everything that example does, and more, with less code. Going forward, we anticipate widespread adoption of CDK Pipelines by AWS CDK users.

Note

CDK Pipelines is currently in developer preview, and its API is subject to change. Breaking API changes will be announced in the AWS CDK Release Notes.

Bootstrap your AWS environments

Before you can use CDK Pipelines, you must bootstrap the AWS environment(s) to which you will deploy your stacks. An environment is an account/region pair to which you want to deploy a CDK stack. A CDK Pipeline involves at least two environments: the environment where the pipeline is provisioned, and the environment where you want to deploy the application's stacks (or its stages, which are groups of related stacks). These environments can be the same, though best practices recommend you isolate stages from each other in different AWS accounts or regions.

Note

See Bootstrapping for more information on the kinds of resources created by bootstrapping and how to customize the bootstrap stack.

You may have already bootstrapped one or more environments so you can deploy assets and Lambda functions using the AWS CDK. Continuous deployment with CDK Pipelines requires that the CDK Toolkit stack include additional resources, so the boostrap stack has been extended to include an additional Amazon S3 bucket, an Amazon ECR repository, and IAM roles to give the various parts of a pipeline the permissions they need. This new style of CDK Toolkit stack will eventually become the default, but at this writing, you must opt in. The AWS CDK Toolkit will upgrade your existing bootstrap stack or create a new one, as necessary.

To bootstrap an environment that can provision an AWS CDK pipeline, set the environment variable CDK_NEW_BOOTSTRAP before invoking cdk bootstrap, as shown below. Invoking the AWS CDK Toolkit via the npx command installs it if necessary, and will use the version of the Toolkit installed in the current project if one exists.

--cloudformation-execution-policies specifies the ARN of a policy under which future CDK Pipelines deployments will execute. The AdministratorAccess policy is the default; if you're using it, you may omit this option. Your organization may require a more restrictive policy.

You may omit the --profile option if your default AWS profile contains the necessary credentials or to instead use the environment variables AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY, and AWS_DEFAULT_REGION to provide your AWS account credentials.

To bootstrap additional environments into which AWS CDK applications will be deployed by the pipeline, use the commands below instead. The --trust option indicates which other account should have permissions to deploy AWS CDK applications into this environment; specify the pipeline's AWS account ID.

Again, you may omit the --profile option if your default AWS profile contains the necessary credentials or if you are using the AWS_* environment variables to provide your AWS account credentials.

Tip

Use administrative credentials only to bootstrap and to provision the initial pipeline. Drop administrative credentials as soon as possible.

If you are upgrading an existing bootstrapped environment, the old Amazon S3 bucket is orphaned when the new bucket is created. Delete it manually using the Amazon S3 console.

Initialize project

Create a new, empty GitHub project and clone it to your workstation in the my-pipeline directory. (Our code examples in this topic use GitHub; you can also use BitBucket or AWS CodeCommit.)


git clone GITHUB-CLONE-URL my-pipeline
cd my-pipeline

Note

You may use a name other than my-pipeline for your app's main directory, but since the AWS CDK Toolkit bases some file and class names on the name of the main directory, you'll need to tweak these later in this topic.

After cloning, initialize the project as usual.

TypeScript


cdk init app --language typescript

JavaScript


cdk init app --language javascript

Python


cdk init app --language python

After the app has been created, also enter the following two commands to activate the app's Python virtual environment and install its dependencies.


source .env/bin/activate
python -m pip install -r requirements.txt

Java


cdk init app --language java

If you are using an IDE, you can now open or import the project. In Eclipse, for example, choose File > Import > Maven > Existing Maven Projects. Make sure that the project settings are set ta use Java 8 (1.8).

C#


cdk init app --language csharp

If you are using Visual Studio, open the solution file in the src directory.

Install the CDK Pipelines module along with others you'll be using.

TypeScript


npm install @aws-cdk/pipelines @aws-cdk/aws-codebuild 
npm install @aws-cdk/aws-codepipeline @aws-cdk/aws-codepipeline-actions

JavaScript


npm install @aws-cdk/pipelines @aws-cdk/aws-codebuild 
npm install @aws-cdk/aws-codepipeline @aws-cdk/aws-codepipeline-actions

Python


python -m pip install aws_cdk.pipelines aws_cdk.aws_codebuild
python -m pip install aws_cdk.aws_codepipeline aws_cdk.aws_codepipeline_actions

Freeze your dependencies in requirements.txt.

Mac OS X/Linux


python -m pip freeze | grep -v '^[-#]' > requirements.txt

Windows


python -m pip freeze | findstr /R /B /V "[-#]" > requirements.txt

Java

Edit your project's pom.xml and add a <dependency> element for the pipeline module and a few others you'll need. Follow the template below for each module, placing each inside the existing <dependencies> container.


<dependency>
    <groupId>software.amazon.awscdk</groupId>
    <artifactId>cdk-pipelines</artifactId>
    <version>${cdk.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>software.amazon.awscdk</groupId>
    <artifactId>codebuild</artifactId>
    <version>${cdk.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>software.amazon.awscdk</groupId>
    <artifactId>codepipeline</artifactId>
    <version>${cdk.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>software.amazon.awscdk</groupId>
    <artifactId>codepipeline-actions</artifactId>
    <version>${cdk.version}</version>
</dependency>

C#

In Visual Studio, choose Tools > NuGet Package Manager > Manage NuGet Packages for Solution in Visual Studio and add the following packages. Make sure the Include prerelease checkbox is marked, since the CDK Pipelines module is in developer preview.

Amazon.CDK.Pipelines
Amazon.CDK.AWS.CodeBuild
Amazon.CDK.AWS.CodePipeline
Amazon.CDK.AWS.CodePipeline.Actions

Finally, add the @aws-cdk/core:newStyleStackSynthesis feature flag to the new project's cdk.json file. The file will already contain some context values; add this new one inside the context object.


{
  ...
  "context": {
    ...
    "@aws-cdk/core:newStyleStackSynthesis": "true"
  }
}

In a future release of the AWS CDK, "new style" stack synthesis will become the default, but for now we need to opt in using the feature flag.

Define pipelines

The construct CdkPipeline is the construct that represents a CDK Pipeline. When you instantiate CdkPipeline in a stack, you define the source location for the pipeline as well as the build commands. For example, the following defines a pipeline whose source is stored in a GitHub repository, and includes a build step for a TypeScript application. The Pipeline will be provisioned in account 111111111111 and region eu-west-1.

TypeScript

In lib/my-pipeline-stack.ts (may vary if your project folder isn't named my-pipeline):


import { Stack, StackProps, Construct, SecretValue } from '@aws-cdk/core';
import { CdkPipeline, SimpleSynthAction } from '@aws-cdk/pipelines';

import * as codepipeline from '@aws-cdk/aws-codepipeline';
import * as codepipeline_actions from '@aws-cdk/aws-codepipeline-actions';

export class MyPipelineStack extends Stack {
  constructor(scope: Construct, id: string, props?: StackProps) {
    super(scope, id, props);

    const sourceArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact();
    const cloudAssemblyArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact();

    const pipeline = new CdkPipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
      pipelineName: 'MyAppPipeline',
      cloudAssemblyArtifact,

      sourceAction: new codepipeline_actions.GitHubSourceAction({
        actionName: 'GitHub',
        output: sourceArtifact,
        oauthToken: SecretValue.secretsManager('GITHUB_TOKEN_NAME'),
        trigger: codepipeline_actions.GitHubTrigger.POLL,
        // Replace these with your actual GitHub project info
        owner: 'GITHUB-OWNER',
        repo: 'GITHUB-REPO',
      }),

      synthAction: SimpleSynthAction.standardNpmSynth({
        sourceArtifact,
        cloudAssemblyArtifact,

        // Use this if you need a build step (if you're not using ts-node
        // or if you have TypeScript Lambdas that need to be compiled).
        buildCommand: 'npm run build',
      }),
    });
  }
}

In bin/my-pipeline.ts (may vary if your project folder isn't named my-pipeline):


#!/usr/bin/env node
import 'source-map-support/register';
import * as cdk from '@aws-cdk/core';
import { MyPipelineStack } from '../lib/my-pipeline-stack';

const app = new cdk.App();
new MyPipelineStack(app, 'PipelineStack', {
  env: {
    account: '111111111111',
    region: 'eu-west-1',
  }
});

app.synth();

JavaScript

In lib/my-pipeline-stack.js (may vary if your project folder isn't named my-pipeline):


const { Stack, SecretValue } = require('@aws-cdk/core');
const { CdkPipeline, SimpleSynthAction } = require('@aws-cdk/pipelines');

const codepipeline = require('@aws-cdk/aws-codepipeline');
const codepipeline_actions = require('@aws-cdk/aws-codepipeline-actions');

class MyPipelineStack extends Stack {
  constructor(scope, id, props) {
    super(scope, id, props);

    const sourceArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact();
    const cloudAssemblyArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact();

    const pipeline = new CdkPipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
      pipelineName: 'MyAppPipeline',
      cloudAssemblyArtifact,

      sourceAction: new codepipeline_actions.GitHubSourceAction({
        actionName: 'GitHub',
        output: sourceArtifact,
        oauthToken: SecretValue.secretsManager('GITHUB_TOKEN_NAME'),
        trigger: codepipeline_actions.GitHubTrigger.POLL,
        // Replace these with your actual GitHub project info
        owner: 'GITHUB-OWNER',
        repo: 'GITHUB-REPO'
      }),

      synthAction: SimpleSynthAction.standardNpmSynth({
        sourceArtifact,
        cloudAssemblyArtifact,

        // Use this if you need a build step (if you're not using ts-node
        // or if you have TypeScript Lambdas that need to be compiled).
        buildCommand: 'npm run build'
      })
    });
  }
}

module.exports = { MyPipelineStack }

In bin/my-pipeline.js (may vary if your project folder isn't named my-pipeline):


#!/usr/bin/env node

const cdk = require('@aws-cdk/core');
const { MyPipelineStack } = require('../lib/my-pipeline-stack');

const app = new cdk.App();
new MyPipelineStack(app, 'PipelineStack', {
  env: {
    account: '111111111111',
    region: 'eu-west-1'
  }
});

app.synth();

Python

In my-pipeline/my-pipeline-stack.js (may vary if your project folder isn't named my-pipeline):


from aws_cdk.core import Stack, StackProps, Construct, SecretValue
from aws_cdk.pipelines import CdkPipeline, SimpleSynthAction

import aws_cdk.aws_codepipeline as codepipeline
import aws_cdk.aws_codepipeline_actions as codepipeline_actions

class MyPipelineStack(Stack):

    def __init__(self, scope: Construct, id: str, **kwargs) -> None:
        super().__init__(scope, id, **kwargs)

        source_artifact = codepipeline.Artifact()
        cloud_assembly_artifact = codepipeline.Artifact()

        pipeline = CdkPipeline(self, "Pipeline",
            pipeline_name="MyAppPipeline",
            cloud_assembly_artifact=cloud_assembly_artifact,
            source_action=codepipeline_actions.GitHubSourceAction(
                action_name="GitHub",
                output=source_artifact,
                oauth_token=SecretValue.secrets_manager("GITHUB_TOKEN_NAME"),
                trigger=codepipeline_actions.GitHubTrigger.POLL,
                # Replace these with your actual GitHub project info
                owner="GITHUB-OWNER",
                repo="GITHUB-REPO"),
            synth_action=SimpleSynthAction.standard_npm_synth(
                source_artifact=source_artifact,
                cloud_assembly_artifact=cloud_assembly_artifact,
                # Use this if you need a build step (if you're not using ts-node
                # or if you have TypeScript Lambdas that need to be compiled).
                build_command="npm run build"
            )
        )

In app.py:


#!/usr/bin/env python3

from aws_cdk import core
from my_pipeline.my_pipeline_stack import MyPipelineStack

app = core.App()
MyPipelineStack(app, "my-pipeline",
    env=core.Environment(account="111111111111", region="eu-west-1"))
app.synth()

Java

In src/main/java/com/myorg/MyPipelineStack.java (may vary if your project folder isn't named my-pipeline):


package com.myorg;

import software.amazon.awscdk.core.Construct;
import software.amazon.awscdk.core.SecretValue;
import software.amazon.awscdk.core.Stack;
import software.amazon.awscdk.core.StackProps;
import software.amazon.awscdk.pipelines.CdkPipeline;
import software.amazon.awscdk.pipelines.SimpleSynthAction;
import software.amazon.awscdk.pipelines.StandardNpmSynthOptions;
import software.amazon.awscdk.services.codepipeline.Artifact;
import software.amazon.awscdk.services.codepipeline.actions.GitHubSourceAction;
import software.amazon.awscdk.services.codepipeline.actions.GitHubTrigger;

public class MyPipelineStack extends Stack {
    public MyPipelineStack(final Construct scope, final String id) {
        this(scope, id, null);
    }

    public MyPipelineStack(final Construct scope, final String id, final StackProps props) {
        super(scope, id, props);

        final Artifact sourceArtifact = new Artifact();
        final Artifact cloudAssemblyArtifact = new Artifact();
        
        final CdkPipeline pipeline = CdkPipeline.Builder.create(this, "Pipeline")
                .pipelineName("MyAppPipeline")
                .cloudAssemblyArtifact(cloudAssemblyArtifact)
                .sourceAction(GitHubSourceAction.Builder.create()
                        .actionName("GitHub")
                        .output(sourceArtifact)
                        .oauthToken(SecretValue.secretsManager("GITHUB_TOKEN_NAME"))
                        .trigger(GitHubTrigger.POLL)
                        .owner("GITHUB-OWNER")
                        .repo("GITHUB-REPO")
                        .build())
                .synthAction(SimpleSynthAction.standardNpmSynth(
                        StandardNpmSynthOptions.builder()
                            .sourceArtifact(sourceArtifact)
                            .cloudAssemblyArtifact(cloudAssemblyArtifact)
                            .buildCommand("npm run build")
                            .build()))
                .build();
    }
}

In src/main/java/com/myorg/MyPipelineApp.java (may vary if your project folder isn't named my-pipeline):


package com.myorg;

import software.amazon.awscdk.core.App;
import software.amazon.awscdk.core.Environment;

public class MyPipelineApp {
    public static void main(final String[] args) {
        App app = new App();

        MyPipelineStack.Builder.create(app, "PipelineStack")
            .env(new Environment.Builder()
                .account("111111111111")
                .region("eu-west-1")
                .build())
            .build();

        app.synth();
    }
}

C#

In src/MyPipeline/MyPipelineStack.cs (may vary if your project folder isn't named my-pipeline):


using Amazon.CDK;
using Amazon.CDK.Pipelines;
using Amazon.CDK.AWS.CodePipeline;
using Amazon.CDK.AWS.CodePipeline.Actions;

namespace MyPipeline
{
    public class MyPipelineStack : Stack
    {
        internal MyPipelineStack(Construct scope, string id, IStackProps props=null) : base(scope, id, props)
        {
            var sourceArtifact = new Artifact_();
            var cloudAssemblyArtifact = new Artifact_();

            var pipeline = new CdkPipeline(this, "Pipeline", new CdkPipelineProps
            {
                PipelineName = "MyAppPipeline",
                CloudAssemblyArtifact = cloudAssemblyArtifact,
                SourceAction = new GitHubSourceAction(new GitHubSourceActionProps
                {
                    ActionName = "GitHub",
                    Output = sourceArtifact,
                    OauthToken = SecretValue.SecretsManager("GITHUB TOKEN_NAME"),
                    Trigger = GitHubTrigger.POLL,
                    Owner = "GITHUB-OWNER",
                    Repo = "GITHUB-REPO"
                }),
                SynthAction = SimpleSynthAction.StandardNpmSynth(new StandardNpmSynthOptions
                {
                    SourceArtifact = sourceArtifact,
                    CloudAssemblyArtifact = cloudAssemblyArtifact,
                    BuildCommand = "npm run build"
                })
            });
        }
    }
}

In src/MyPipeline/Program.cs (may vary if your project folder isn't named my-pipeline):


using Amazon.CDK;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace MyPipeline
{
    sealed class Program
    {
        public static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var app = new App();
            new MyPipelineStack(app, "MyPipelineStack", new StackProps
            {
                Env = new Amazon.CDK.Environment
                {
                    Account = "111111111111",
                    Region = "eu-west-1"
                } 
            });
            app.Synth();
        }
    }
}

Note the following in this example:

The source code is stored in a GitHub repository.
The GitHub access token needed to access the repo is retrieved from AWS Secrets Manager. Provide the name of the secret where indicated.
Specify the owner of the repository and the repo name where indicated.

You must deploy a CDK Pipeline manually once. After that, the pipeline will keep itself up to date from the source code repository. To perform the initial deployment:


git add --all
git commit -m "initial commit"
git push
cdk deploy

Tip

Now that you've done the initial deployment, you no longer need AWS administrative access.

Sources and synth actions

As we've seen in the preceding example, the basic pieces of CDK pipelines are sources and synth actions.

Sources are places where your code lives. Any source from the codepipeline-actions module can be used.

Synth actions (synthAction) define how to build and synth the project. A synth action can be any AWS CodePipeline action that produces an artifact containing an AWS CDK Cloud Assembly (the cdk.out directory created by cdk synth). Pass the output artifact of the synth operation in the Pipeline's cloudAssemblyArtifact property.

SimpleSynthAction is available for synths that can be performed by running a couple of simple shell commands (install, build, and synth) using AWS CodeBuild. When using these, the source repository does not require a buildspec.yml. Here's an example of using SimpleSynthAction to run a Maven (Java) build followed by a cdk synth:

TypeScript


const pipeline = new CdkPipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  // ...
  synthAction: new SimpleSynthAction({
    sourceArtifact,
    cloudAssemblyArtifact,
    installCommand: 'npm install -g aws-cdk',
    buildCommand: 'mvn package',
    synthCommand: 'cdk synth',
  })
});

JavaScript


const pipeline = new CdkPipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  // ...
  synthAction: new SimpleSynthAction({
    sourceArtifact,
    cloudAssemblyArtifact,
    installCommand: 'npm install -g aws-cdk',
    buildCommand: 'mvn package',
    synthCommand: 'cdk synth'
  })
});

Python


class MyPipeline(Stack):
    def __init__(self, scope: Construct, id: str, **kwargs) -> None:
        super().__init__(scope, id, **kwargs)

        pipeline = CdkPipeline(self, "Pipeline",
            # ...
            synth_action=SimpleSynthAction(
                source_artifact=source_artifact,
                cloud_assembly_artifact=cloud_assembly_artifact,
                install_command="npm install -g aws-cdk",
                build_command="mvn package",
                synth_command="cdk synth"
            ))

Java


final CdkPipeline pipeline = CdkPipeline.Builder.create(this, "Pipeline")
        // ...
        .synthAction(SimpleSynthAction.Builder.create()
                .sourceArtifact(sourceArtifact)
                .cloudAssemblyArtifact(cloudAssemblyArtifact)
                .installCommand("npm install -g aws-cdk")
                .buildCommand("mvn package")
                .synthCommand("cdk synth")
                .build())
        .build();

C#


var pipeline = new CdkPipeline(this, "Pipeline", new CdkPipelineProps
{
    SynthAction = new SimpleSynthAction(new SimpleSynthActionProps
    {
        SourceArtifact = sourceArtifact,
        CloudAssemblyArtifact = cloudAssemblyArtifact,
        InstallCommand = "npm install -g aws-cdk",
        BuildCommand = "mvn package",
        SynthCommand = "cdk synth"
    })
});

A couple of convention-based synth operations for TypeScript or JavaScript projects are available as class methods of SimpleSynthAction:

standardNpmSynth() builds using NPM conventions. Expects a package-lock.json, a cdk.json, and expects the CDK Toolkit to be a versioned dependency in package.json. Does not perform a build step by default.
standardYarnSynth() builds using Yarn conventions. Expects a yarn.lock, a cdk.json, and expects the CDK Toolkit to be a versioned dependency in package.json. Does not perform a build step by default.

If your needs are not covered by SimpleSynthAction, you can add a custom build/synth step by creating a custom AWS CodeBuild project and passing a corresponding CodeBuildAction to the pipeline.

Application stages

To define a multi-stack AWS application that can be added to the pipeline all at once, define a subclass of Stage (not to be confused with CdkStage in the CDK Pipelines module).

The stage contains the stacks that make up your application. If there are dependencies between the stacks, the stacks are automatically added to the pipeline in the right order. Stacks that don't depend on each other are deployed in parallel. You can add a dependency relationship between stacks by calling stack1.addDependency(stack2).

Stages accept a default env argument, which the Stacks inside the Stage will use if no environment is specified for them.

An application is added to the pipeline by calling addApplicationStage() with instances of the Stage. A stage can be instantiated and added to the pipeline multiple times to define different stages of your DTAP or multi-region application pipeline:

TypeScript


import { Construct, Stack, StackProps, Stage, StageProps } from '@aws-cdk/core';
import * as codepipeline from '@aws-cdk/aws-codepipeline';
import { CdkPipeline } from '@aws-cdk/pipelines';

export class DatabaseStack extends Stack {
  // ...
}

export class ComputeStack extends Stack {
  // ...
}

// Your application
// May consist of one or more Stacks
//
export class MyApplication extends Stage {
  constructor(scope: Construct, id: string, props?: StageProps) {
    super(scope, id, props);

    const dbStack = new DatabaseStack(this, 'Database');
    new ComputeStack(this, 'Compute', {
      table: dbStack.table,
    });
  }
}

// Stack to hold the pipeline
//
export class MyPipelineStack extends Stack {
  constructor(scope: Construct, id: string, props?: StackProps) {
    super(scope, id, props);

    const sourceArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact();
    const cloudAssemblyArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact();

    const pipeline = new CdkPipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
      // ...source and build information here
    });

    // Do this as many times as necessary with any account and region
    // Account and region may be different from the pipeline's.
    pipeline.addApplicationStage(new MyApplication(this, 'Prod', {
      env: {
        account: '123456789012',
        region: 'eu-west-1',
      }
    }));
  }
}

JavaScript


const { Stack, Stage } = require('@aws-cdk/core');
const codepipeline = require('@aws-cdk/aws-codepipeline');
const { CdkPipeline } = require('@aws-cdk/pipelines');

class DatabaseStack extends Stack {
  // ...
}

class ComputeStack extends Stack {
  // ...
}

// Your application
// May consist of one or more Stacks
//
class MyApplication extends Stage {
  constructor(scope, id, props) {
    super(scope, id, props);

    const dbStack = new DatabaseStack(this, 'Database');
    new ComputeStack(this, 'Compute', {
      table: dbStack.table
    });
  }
}

// Stack to hold the pipeline
//
class MyPipelineStack extends Stack {
  constructor(scope, id, props) {
    super(scope, id, props);

    const sourceArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact();
    const cloudAssemblyArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact();

    const pipeline = new CdkPipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
      // ...source and build information here
    });

    // Do this as many times as necessary with any account and region
    // Account and region may be different from the pipeline's.
    pipeline.addApplicationStage(new MyApplication(this, 'Prod', {
      env: {
        account: '123456789012',
        region: 'eu-west-1'
      }
    }));
  }
}

module.exports = { MyApplication, MyPipelineStack, ComputeStack, DatabaseStack }

Python


from my_pipeline.my_pipeline_stack import source_artifact
from aws_cdk.core import Construct, Stack, Stage, Environment
from aws_cdk.pipelines import CdkPipeline
import aws_cdk.aws_codepipeline as code_pipeline

class DatabaseStack(Stack):
    pass    # ...

class ComputeStack(Stack):
    pass    # ...

# Your application
# May consist of one or more Stacks
#
class MyApplication(Stage):
    def __init__(self, scope: Construct, id: str, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(scope, id, **kwargs)

        db_stack = DatabaseStack(self, "Database")
        ComputeStack(self, "Compute", table=db_stack.table)

# Stack to hold the pipeline
#
class MyPipelineStack(Stack):
    def __init__(self, scope: Construct, id: str, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(scope, id, **kwargs)

        source_artifact = code_pipeline.Artifact()
        cloud_assembly_artifact = code_pipeline.Artifact()

        pipeline = CdkPipeline(self, "Pipeline",
            # ...source and build information here
        )

        # Do this as many times as necessary with any account and region
        # Account and region may be different from the pipeline's.
        pipeline.add_application_stage(MyApplication(self, 'Prod',
            env=Environment(account="123456789012", region="eu-west-1")))

Java


class DatabaseStack extends Stack {
    Table table;
    
    public DatabaseStack(Construct scope, String id) {
        super(scope, id);
        // ...
    }
    
    public Table getTable() {
        return table;
    }
}

class ComputeStack extends Stack {
    public ComputeStack(Construct scope, String id, Table table) {
        // ...        
    }
}

// Your application
// May consist of one or more Stacks
//
class MyApplication extends Stage {
    public MyApplication(Construct scope, String id, StageProps props) {
        super(scope, id, props);
        
        DatabaseStack dbStack = new DatabaseStack(this, "Database");
        new ComputeStack(this, "Compute", dbStack.getTable());
    }
    
}

// Stack to hold the pipeline
//
public class MyPipelineStack extends Stack {
    public MyPipelineStack(final Construct scope, final String id) {
        this(scope, id, null);
    }

    public MyPipelineStack(final Construct scope, final String id, final StackProps props) {
        super(scope, id, props);

        final Artifact sourceArtifact = new Artifact();
        final Artifact cloudAssemblyArtifact = new Artifact();
                        
        final CdkPipeline pipeline = CdkPipeline.Builder.create(this, "Pipeline")
                // ...source and build information here
                .build();

        // Do this as many times as necessary with any account and region
        // Account and region may be different from the pipeline's.
        pipeline.addApplicationStage(new MyApplication(this, "Prod", new StackProps.Builder()
            .env(new Environment.Builder()
                .account("123456789012")
                .region("eu-west-1")
                .build())
            .build()));
    }
}

C#


public class DatabaseStack : Stack
{
    public Table Table { get; set; }

    public DatabaseStack(Construct scope, string id) : base(scope, id)
    {
        // ...
    }

}

public class ComputeStack : Stack
{
    public ComputeStack(Construct scope, string id, Table table) : base(scope, id)
    {
        // ...        
    }
}

// Your application
// May consist of one or more Stacks
//
public class MyApplication : Stage
{
    public MyApplication(Construct scope, string id, Amazon.CDK.StageProps props) : base(scope, id, props)
    {
        var dbStack = new DatabaseStack(this, "Database");
        new ComputeStack(this, "Compute", dbStack.Table);
    }
    
}

// Stack to hold the pipeline
//
public class MyPipelineStack : Stack
{
    public MyPipelineStack(Construct scope, string id, StackProps props) : base(scope, id, props)
    {
        var sourceArtifact = new Artifact_();
        var cloudAssemblyArtifact = new Artifact_();

        var pipeline = new CdkPipeline(this, "Pipeline", new CdkPipelineProps
        {
            // ... source and build information here
        });

        // Do this as many times as necessary with any account and region
        // Account and region may be different from the pipeline's.
        pipeline.AddApplicationStage(new MyApplication(this, "Prod", new Amazon.CDK.StageProps
        {
            Env = new Amazon.CDK.Environment
            {
                Account = "123456789012",
                Region = "eu-west-1"
            }
        }));
    }
}

Every application stage added by addApplicationStage() leads to the addition of an individual pipeline stage, which is returned by the addApplicationStage() call. This stage is represented by the CdkStage construct. You can add more actions to the stage by calling its addActions() method. For example:

Note

core.Stage is a stage in an AWS CDK app containing stacks. pipelines.CdkStage is a stage in a CDK pipeline.

TypeScript


// import { ManualApprovalAction } from '@aws-cdk/aws-codepipeline-actions';

const testingStage = pipeline.addApplicationStage(new MyApplication(this, 'Testing', {
  env: { account: '111111111111', region: 'eu-west-1' }
}));

// Add an action -- in this case, a Manual Approval action
// (testingStage.addManualApprovalAction() is an equivalent convenience method)
testingStage.addActions(new ManualApprovalAction({
  actionName: 'ManualApproval',
  runOrder: testingStage.nextSequentialRunOrder(),
}));

JavaScript


// const { ManualApprovalAction } = require('@aws-cdk/aws-codepipeline-actions');

const testingStage = pipeline.addApplicationStage(new MyApplication(this, 'Testing', {
  env: { account: '111111111111', region: 'eu-west-1' }
}));

// Add an action -- in this case, a Manual Approval action
// (testingStage.addManualApprovalAction() is an equivalent convenience method)
testingStage.addActions(new ManualApprovalAction({
  actionName: 'ManualApproval',
  runOrder: testingStage.nextSequentialRunOrder()
}));

Python


# from aws_cdk.aws_codepipeline_actions import ManualApprovalAction

testing_stage = pipeline.add_application_stage(MyApplication(self, "Testing",
                    env=Environment(account="111111111111", region="eu-west-1")))

# Add an action -- in this case, a Manual Approval action
# (testingStage.addManualApprovalAction() is an equivalent convenience method)
testing_stage.add_actions(ManualApprovalAction(
    action_name="ManualApproval",
    run_order=testing_stage.next_sequential_run_order()
))

Java


// import software.amazon.awscdk.services.codepipeline.actions.ManualApprovalAction;

final CdkStage testingStage = pipeline.addApplicationStage(new MyApplication(this, "Testing",
     new StageProps.Builder()
         .env(new Environment.Builder()
             .account("111111111111")
             .region("eu-west-1")
             .build())
         .build()));

// Add an action -- in this case, a Manual Approval action
// (testingStage.addManualApprovalAction() is an equivalent convenience method)
testingStage.addActions(ManualApprovalAction.Builder.create()
        .actionName("ManualApproval")
        .runOrder(testingStage.nextSequentialRunOrder())
        .build());

C#


// using Amazon.CDK.AWS.CodePipeline.Actions;

var testingStage = pipeline.AddApplicationStage(new MyApplication(this, "Testing",
        new Amazon.CDK.StageProps
        {
            Env = new Amazon.CDK.Environment
            {
                Account = "111111111111",
                Region = "eu-west-1"
            }
        }));

// Add an action -- in this case, a Manual Approval action
// (testingStage.AddManualApprovalAction() is an equivalent convenience method)
testingStage.AddActions(new ManualApprovalAction(new ManualApprovalActionProps {
    ActionName = "ManualApproval",
    RunOrder = testingStage.NextSequentialRunOrder()
}));

You can also add more than one application stage to a pipeline stage. For example:

TypeScript


// Add two application stages to the same pipeline stage
testingStage.addApplication(new MyApplication1(this, 'MyApp1', {
  env: { account: '111111111111', region: 'eu-west-1' }
}));

testingStage.addApplication(new MyApplication2(this, 'MyApp2', {
  env: { account: '111111111111', region: 'eu-west-1' }
}));

JavaScript


// Add two application stages to the same pipeline stage
testingStage.addApplication(new MyApplication1(this, 'MyApp1', {
  env: { account: '111111111111', region: 'eu-west-1' }
}));

testingStage.addApplication(new MyApplication2(this, 'MyApp2', {
  env: { account: '111111111111', region: 'eu-west-1' }
}));

Python



# Add two application stages to the same pipeline stage
testing_stage.add_application(MyApplication1(this, 'MyApp1',
    env=Environment(account="111111111111", region="eu-west-1")))

testing_stage.add_application(MyApplication2(this, 'MyApp2', 
    env=Environment(account="111111111111", region="eu-west-1")))

Java


// Add two application stages to the same pipeline stage
testingStage.addApplication(new MyApplication1(this, "MyApp1", new StageProps.Builder()
    .env(new Environment.Builder()
        .account("111111111111")
        .region("eu-west-1")
        .build())
    .build()));

testingStage.addApplication(new MyApplication2(this, "MyApp2", new StageProps.Builder()
    .env(new Environment.Builder()
        .account("111111111111")
        .region("eu-west-1")
        .build())
    .build()));

C#


// Add two application stages to the same pipeline stage

testingStage.AddApplication(new MyApplication1(this, "MyApp1", new Amazon.CDK.StageProps
{
    Env = new Amazon.CDK.Environment
    {
        Account = "111111111111",
        Region = "eu-west-1"
    }
}));

testingStage.AddApplication(new MyApplication2(this, "MyApp1", new Amazon.CDK.StageProps
{
    Env = new Amazon.CDK.Environment
    {
        Account = "111111111111",
        Region = "eu-west-1"
    }
}));

Testing deployments

You can add any type of AWS CodePipeline action to a CDK Pipeline to validate the deployments you are performing. Using the CDK Pipeline library's ShellScriptAction, you can try to access a just-deployed Amazon API Gateway backed by a Lambda function, for example, or issue an AWS CLI command to check some setting of a deployed resource.

In its simplest form, adding validation actions looks like this:

TypeScript


// stage is a CdkStage returned by pipeline.addApplicationStage

stage.addActions(new ShellScriptAction({
  name: 'MyValidation',
  commands: ['curl -Ssf https://my.webservice.com/'],
  // ... more configuration ...
}));

JavaScript


// stage is a CdkStage returned by pipeline.addApplicationStage

stage.addActions(new ShellScriptAction({
  name: 'MyValidation',
  commands: ['curl -Ssf https://my.webservice.com/']
  // ... more configuration ...
}));

Python


# stage is a CdkStage returned by pipeline.addApplicationStage

stage.add_actions(ShellScriptAction(name="MyValidation",
  commands=['curl -Ssf https://my.webservice.com/'],
  # ... more configuration ...
))

Java


// stage is a CdkStage returned by pipeline.addApplicationStage

stage.addActions(ShellScriptAction.Builder.create()
        .actionName("MyValidation")
        .commands(Arrays.asList("curl -Ssf https://my.webservice.com/"))
        // ... more configuration ...
        .build());

C#


// stage is a CdkStage returned by pipeline.addApplicationStage
stage.AddActions(new ShellScriptAction(new ShellScriptActionProps
{
    ActionName = "MyValidation",
    Commands = new string[]
    {
        "curl -Ssf https://my.webservice.com/"
        // ... more configuration ...
    }
}));

Because many AWS CloudFormation deployments result in the generation of resources with unpredictable names, CDK Pipelines provide a way to read AWS CloudFormation outputs after a deployment. This makes it possible to pass (for example) the generated URL of a load balancer to a test action.

To use outputs, expose the CfnOutput object you're interested in and pass it pipeline.stackOutput().

TypeScript


export class MyLbApplication extends Stage {
  public readonly loadBalancerAddress: CfnOutput;
  
  constructor(scope: Construct, id: string, props?: StageProps) {
    super(scope, id, props);
  
    const lbStack = new LoadBalancerStack(this, 'Stack');
  
    // Or create this in `LoadBalancerStack` directly
    this.loadBalancerAddress = new CfnOutput(lbStack, 'LbAddress', {
      value: `https://${lbStack.loadBalancer.loadBalancerDnsName}/`
    });
  }
}

const lbApp = new MyLbApplication(this, 'MyApp', {
  env: { /* ... */ }
});

const stage = pipeline.addApplicationStage(lbApp);
stage.addActions(new ShellScriptAction({
  // ...
  useOutputs: {
    // When the test is executed, this will make $URL contain the
    // load balancer address.
    URL: pipeline.stackOutput(lbApp.loadBalancerAddress),
  }
}));

JavaScript


class MyLbApplication extends Stage {

  constructor(scope, id, props) {
    super(scope, id, props);

    const lbStack = new LoadBalancerStack(this, 'Stack');

    // Or create this in `LoadBalancerStack` directly
    this.loadBalancerAddress = new CfnOutput(lbStack, 'LbAddress', {
      value: `https://${lbStack.loadBalancer.loadBalancerDnsName}/`
    });
  }
}

const lbApp = new MyLbApplication(this, 'MyApp', {
  env: { /* ... */ }
});

const stage = pipeline.addApplicationStage(lbApp);
stage.addActions(new ShellScriptAction({
  // ...
  useOutputs: {
    // When the test is executed, this will make $URL contain the
    // load balancer address.
    URL: pipeline.stackOutput(lbApp.loadBalancerAddress)
  }
}));

Python


class MyLbApplication(Stage):
    load_balancer_address: CfnOutput = None

    def __init__(self, scope: Construct, id: str, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(scope, str, **kwargs)

        lb_stack = LoadBalancerStack(self, "Stack")

        # Or create this in `LoadBalancerStack` directly
        self.load_balancer_address = CfnOutput(lb_stack, "LbAddress",
            value=f"https://{lb_stack.load_balancer_dns_name}")

lb_app = MyLbApplication(self, "Myapp",
    env=Environment(...))

stage = pipeline.add_application_stage(lb_app)
stage.add_actions(ShellScriptAction(
    # ...
    use_outputs=pipeline.stack_output(
        # When the test is executed, this will make $URL contain the
        # load balancer address.
        URL=lb_app.load_balancer_address)
))

Java


class MyLbApplication extends Stage {
    CfnOutput loadBalancerAddress;
    
    public MyLbApplication(Construct scope, String id, StageProps props) {
        super(scope, id, props);

        LoadBalancerStack lbStack = new LoadBalancerStack(this, "Stack");

        // Or create this in `LoadBalancerStack` directly
        loadBalancerAddress = CfnOutput.Builder.create(lbStack, "LbAddress")
                .value(String.format("https://%s/", lbStack.getLoadBalancer().getDnsName()))
                .build();
    }

    public CfnOutput getLoadBalancerAddress() {
        return loadBalancerAddress;
    }
}

// some time later...
public class MyPipelineStack extends Stack {
    public MyPipelineStack(final Construct scope, final String id) {
        super(scope, id, null);
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("serial")
    public MyPipelineStack(final Construct scope, final String id, final StackProps props) {
        super(scope, id, props);

        final CdkPipeline pipeline = CdkPipeline.Builder.create(this, "Pipeline")
                // ...source and build information here
                .build();

        final MyLbApplication lbApp = // ...

        final CdkStage stage = pipeline.addApplicationStage(lbApp);
        stage.addActions(ShellScriptAction.Builder.create()
                // ...
                .useOutputs(new HashMap<String, StackOutput>() {{
                    put("URL", pipeline.stackOutput(lbApp.getLoadBalancerAddress()));
                }})
                .build());
    }
}

C#


public class MyLbApplication : Stage
{
    public CfnOutput LoadBalancerAddress { get; set; }

    public MyLbApplication(Construct scope, string id, Amazon.CDK.StageProps props) :
        base(scope, id, props)
    {

        LoadBalancerStack LbStack = new LoadBalancerStack(this, "Stack");

        // Or create this in `LoadBalancerStack` directly
        var loadBalancerAddress = new CfnOutput(LbStack, "LbAddress", new CfnOutputProps
        {
            Value = $"https://{LbStack.LoadBalancer}/"
        });
    }
}

public class MyPipelineStack : Stack
{
    public MyPipelineStack(Construct scope, string id, StackProps props = null) : base(scope, id)
    {
        var pipeline = new CdkPipeline(this, "Pipeline", new CdkPipelineProps
        {
            // ... source and build information here
        });

        MyLbApplication LbApp = new MyLbApplication(this, "App", new Amazon.CDK.StageProps
        {
            // set up your application stage
        });

        CdkStage stage = pipeline.AddApplicationStage(LbApp);
        stage.AddActions(new ShellScriptAction(new ShellScriptActionProps
        {
            // ...
            UseOutputs = new Dictionary<string, StackOutput>
            {
                ["URL"] = pipeline.StackOutput(LbApp.LoadBalancerAddress)
            }
        }));
    }
}

The ShellScriptAction limits you to rather small validation tests—basically whatever you can write in a few lines of shell script. You can bring additional files (such as complete shell scripts, or scripts in other languages) into the test via the additionalArtifacts property.

Bringing in files from the source repository is appropriate if the files are directly usable in the test (for example, if they are themselves executable). Pass the sourceArtifact:

TypeScript


const sourceArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact();

const pipeline = new CdkPipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  // ...
});

const validationAction = new ShellScriptAction({
  name: 'TestUsingSourceArtifact',
  additionalArtifacts: [sourceArtifact],

  // 'test.sh' comes from the source repository
  commands: ['./test.sh'],
});

JavaScript


const sourceArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact();

const pipeline = new CdkPipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  // ...
});

const validationAction = new ShellScriptAction({
  name: 'TestUsingSourceArtifact',
  additionalArtifacts: [sourceArtifact],

  // 'test.sh' comes from the source repository
  commands: ['./test.sh']
});

Python


source_artifact = code_pipeline.Artifact()

pipeline = CdkPipeline(self, "Pipeline", ...)

validation_action = ShellScriptAction(
    name="TestUsingSourceArtifact",
    additional_artifacts=[source_artifact],
    # 'test.sh' comes from the source repository
    commands=["./test'sh"]
)

Java


final Artifact sourceArtifact = new Artifact();
                
final CdkPipeline pipeline = CdkPipeline.Builder.create(this, "Pipeline")
        // ...source and build information here
        .build();

ShellScriptAction validationAction = ShellScriptAction.Builder.create()
        .actionName("TestUsingSourceArtifact")
        .additionalArtifacts(Arrays.asList(sourceArtifact))
        // 'test.sh' comes from the source repository
        .commands(Arrays.asList("./test.sh"))
        .build();

C#


Artifact_ sourceArtifact = new Artifact_();

var pipeline = new CdkPipeline(this, "Pipeline", new CdkPipelineProps
{
    // define your pipeline
});

var validationAction = new ShellScriptAction(new ShellScriptActionProps {
    ActionName = "TestUsingSourceArtifact",
    AdditionalArtifacts = new Artifact_[] { sourceArtifact },
    Commands = new string[] { "./test.sh" }
});

Getting the additional files from the synth step is appropriate if your tests need the compilation step that is done as part of synthesis. On the synthesis step, specify additionalArtifacts to package additional subdirectories into artifacts, and use the same artifact in the ShellScriptAction's additionalArtifacts:

TypeScript


// If you are using additional output artifacts from the synth step,
// they must be named.
const cloudAssemblyArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact('CloudAsm');
const integTestsArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact('IntegTests');

const pipeline = new CdkPipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  synthAction: SimpleSynthAction.standardNpmSynth({
    sourceArtifact,
    cloudAssemblyArtifact,
    buildCommand: 'npm run build',
    additionalArtifacts: [
      {
        directory: 'test',
        artifact: integTestsArtifact,
      }
    ],
  }),
  // ...
});

const validationAction = new ShellScriptAction({
  actionName: 'TestUsingBuildArtifact',
  additionalArtifacts: [integTestsArtifact],
  // 'test.js' was produced from 'test/test.ts' during the synth step
  commands: ['node ./test.js'],
});

JavaScript


// If you are using additional output artifacts from the synth step,
// they must be named.
const cloudAssemblyArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact('CloudAsm');
const integTestsArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact('IntegTests');

const pipeline = new CdkPipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  synthAction: SimpleSynthAction.standardNpmSynth({
    sourceArtifact,
    cloudAssemblyArtifact,
    buildCommand: 'npm run build',
    additionalArtifacts: [
      {
        directory: 'test',
        artifact: integTestsArtifact
      }
    ]
  })
  // ...
});

const validationAction = new ShellScriptAction({
  actionName: 'TestUsingBuildArtifact',
  additionalArtifacts: [integTestsArtifact],
  // 'test.js' was produced from 'test/test.ts' during the synth step
  commands: ['node ./test.js']
});

Python


# If you are using additional output artifacts from the synth step,
# they must be named.
cloud_assembly_artifact = code_pipeline.Artifact("CloudAsm")
integ_tests_artifact = code_pipeline.Artifact("IntegTests")

pipeline = CdkPipeline(self, "Pipeline",
    synth_action=SimpleSynthAction.standard_npm_synth(
        source_artifact=source_artifact,
        cloud_assembly_artifact=cloud_assembly_artifact,
        build_command="tsc",
        additional_artifacts=[dict(directory='test', 
            artifact=integ_tests_artifact)]
    # ...
  ))

validation_action = ShellScriptAction(
    action_name="TestUsingBuildArtifact",
    additional_artifacts=[integ_tests_artifact],
    # 'test.js' was produced from "test/test.ts" durinng the synth step
    commands=["node ./test.js"]
)

Java


// If you are using additional output artifacts from the synth step,
// they must be named.
final Artifact cloudAssemblyArtifact = new Artifact("IntegTests");
final Artifact integTestsArtifact = new Artifact("IntegTests");
                
final CdkPipeline pipeline = CdkPipeline.Builder.create(this, "Pipeline")
        .synthAction(SimpleSynthAction.standardNpmSynth(new StandardNpmSynthOptions.Builder()
            .sourceArtifact(sourceArtifact)
            .cloudAssemblyArtifact(cloudAssemblyArtifact)
            .buildCommand("npm run build")
            .additionalArtifacts(Arrays.asList(new AdditionalArtifact.Builder()
                .directory("test").artifact(integTestsArtifact).build()))
                .build()))
            .build();

final ShellScriptAction validationAction = ShellScriptAction.Builder.create()
    .actionName("TestUsingBuildArtifact")
    .additionalArtifacts(Arrays.asList(integTestsArtifact))
    // 'test.js' was produced from 'test/test.ts' during the synth step
    .commands(Arrays.asList("node ./test.js"))
    .build();

C#


// If you are using additional output artifacts from the synth step,
// they must be named.
var sourceArtifact = new Artifact_("Source");
var cloudAssemblyArtifact = new Artifact_("CloudAssembly");
var integTestsArtifact = new Artifact_("IntegTests");

var pipeline = new CdkPipeline(this, "Pipeline", new CdkPipelineProps
{
    SynthAction = SimpleSynthAction.StandardNpmSynth(new StandardNpmSynthOptions
    {
        SourceArtifact = sourceArtifact,
        CloudAssemblyArtifact = cloudAssemblyArtifact,
        BuildCommand = "npm run build",
        AdditionalArtifacts = new AdditionalArtifact[]
        {
            new AdditionalArtifact
            {
                Directory = "test",
                Artifact = integTestsArtifact
            }
        }
    }),
});

var validationAction = new ShellScriptAction(new ShellScriptActionProps
{
    ActionName = "TestUsingBuildArtifact",
    AdditionalArtifacts = new Artifact_[] { integTestsArtifact },
    Commands = new string[] { "node./test.js" }
});

Security notes

Any form of continuous delivery has inherent security risks. Under the AWS Shared Responsibility Model, you are responsible for the security of your information in the AWS cloud. The CDK Pipelines library gives you a head start by incorporating secure defaults and modeling best practices, but by its very nature a library that needs a high level of access to fulfill its intended purpose cannot assure complete security. There are many attack vectors outside of AWS and your organization.

In particular, keep in mind the following.

Be mindful of the software you depend on. Vet all third-party software you run on your build machine, as it has the ability to change the infrastructure that gets deployed.
Use dependency locking to prevent accidental upgrades. The default CdkSynth that come with CDK Pipelines respect package-lock.json and yarn.lock to ensure your dependencies are the ones you expect.
Credentials for production environments should be short-lived. After bootstrapping and initial provisioning, there is no need for developers to have account credentials; all changes can be deployed through the pipeline. Eliminate the possibility of credentials leaking by not needing them in the first place!

Troubleshooting tips

The following issues are commonly encountered while getting started with CDK Pipelines.

Pipeline: Internal Failure

CREATE_FAILED  | AWS::CodePipeline::Pipeline | Pipeline/Pipeline
Internal Failure

Check your GitHub access token. It might be missing, or might not have the permissions to access the repository.

Key: Policy contains a statement with one or more invalid principals

CREATE_FAILED | AWS::KMS::Key | Pipeline/Pipeline/ArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
Policy contains a statement with one or more invalid principals.

One of the target environments has not been bootstrapped with the new bootstrap stack. Make sure all your target environments are bootstrapped.

Stack is in ROLLBACK_COMPLETE state and can not be updated.

Stack STACK_NAME is in ROLLBACK_COMPLETE state and can not be updated. (Service:
AmazonCloudFormation; Status Code: 400; Error Code: ValidationError; Request
ID: ...)

The stack failed its previous deployment and is in a non-retryable state. Delete the stack from the AWS CloudFormation console and retry the deployment.

Known issues and limitations

We're currently aware of the following issues with CDK Pipelines.

Context queries are not supported; Vpc.fromLookup() and similar functions do not work.
Console links to other accounts will not work. The AWS CodePipeline console assumes links are relative to the current account. You cannot click through to a AWS CloudFormation stack in a different account.
If a changeset failed to apply, the pipeline is not retried. The pipeline must be restarted manually from the top by clicking Release Change.
A stack that failed to deploy must be deleted manually using the CloudFormation console before starting the pipeline again by clicking Release Change.

Please report any other issues you encounter.

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