Beispielcode für die Betriebssystemerkennung

Die folgenden Beispiele zeigen, wie das Betriebssystem und die Version mithilfe der Datei /etc/os-release (oder /usr/lib/os-release falls /etc/os-release nicht vorhanden) programmgesteuert erkannt werden. Diese Beispiele zeigen, wie man zwischen Amazon Linux und anderen Distributionen unterscheidet und wie das ID_LIKE Feld verwendet wird, um Distributionsfamilien zu bestimmen.

Das folgende Skript ist in verschiedenen Programmiersprachen implementiert, und jede Implementierung erzeugt dieselbe Ausgabe.

Shell


#!/bin/bash

# Function to get a specific field from os-release file
get_os_release_field() {
    local field="$1"
    local os_release_file
    
    # Find the os-release file
    if [ -f /etc/os-release ]; then
        os_release_file='/etc/os-release'
    elif [ -f /usr/lib/os-release ]; then
        os_release_file='/usr/lib/os-release'
    else
        echo "Error: os-release file not found" >&2
        return 1
    fi
    
    # Source the file in a subshell and return the requested field.
    #
    # A subshell means that variables from os-release are only available
    # within the subshell, and the main script environment remains clean.
    (
        . "$os_release_file"
        eval "echo \"\$$field\""
    )
}

is_amazon_linux() {
    [ "$(get_os_release_field ID)" = "amzn" ]
}

is_fedora() {
    [ "$(get_os_release_field ID)" = "fedora" ]
}

is_ubuntu() {
    [ "$(get_os_release_field ID)" = "ubuntu" ]
}

is_debian() {
    [ "$(get_os_release_field ID)" = "debian" ]
}

# Function to check if this is like Fedora (includes Amazon Linux, CentOS, RHEL, etc.)
is_like_fedora() {
    local id="$(get_os_release_field ID)"
    local id_like="$(get_os_release_field ID_LIKE)"
    [ "$id" = "fedora" ] || [[ "$id_like" == *"fedora"* ]]
}

# Function to check if this is like Debian (includes Ubuntu and derivatives)
is_like_debian() {
    local id="$(get_os_release_field ID)"
    local id_like="$(get_os_release_field ID_LIKE)"
    [ "$id" = "debian" ] || [[ "$id_like" == *"debian"* ]]
}

# Get the main fields we'll use multiple times
ID="$(get_os_release_field ID)"
VERSION_ID="$(get_os_release_field VERSION_ID)"
PRETTY_NAME="$(get_os_release_field PRETTY_NAME)"
ID_LIKE="$(get_os_release_field ID_LIKE)"

echo "Operating System Detection Results:"
echo "=================================="
echo "Is Amazon Linux: $(is_amazon_linux && echo YES || echo NO)"
echo "Is Fedora: $(is_fedora && echo YES || echo NO)"
echo "Is Ubuntu: $(is_ubuntu && echo YES || echo NO)"
echo "Is Debian: $(is_debian && echo YES || echo NO)"
echo "Is like Fedora: $(is_like_fedora && echo YES || echo NO)"
echo "Is like Debian: $(is_like_debian && echo YES || echo NO)"
echo
echo "Detailed OS Information:"
echo "======================="
echo "ID: $ID"
echo "VERSION_ID: $VERSION_ID"
echo "PRETTY_NAME: $PRETTY_NAME"
[ -n "$ID_LIKE" ] && echo "ID_LIKE: $ID_LIKE"

# Amazon Linux specific information
if is_amazon_linux; then
    echo ""
    echo "Amazon Linux Version Details:"
    echo "============================="
    case "$VERSION_ID" in
        2018.03)
            echo "Amazon Linux AMI (version 1)"
            ;;
        2)
            echo "Amazon Linux 2"
            ;;
        2023)
            echo "Amazon Linux 2023"
            ;;
        *)
            echo "Unknown Amazon Linux version: $VERSION_ID"
            ;;
    esac
    
    # Check for Amazon Linux specific files
    [ -f /etc/image-id ] && echo "Amazon Linux image-id file present"
fi

Python 3.7-3.9


#!/usr/bin/env python3

import os
import sys

def parse_os_release():
    """Parse the os-release file and return a dictionary of key-value pairs."""
    os_release_data = {}
    
    # Try /etc/os-release first, then /usr/lib/os-release
    for path in ['/etc/os-release', '/usr/lib/os-release']:
        if os.path.exists(path):
            try:
                with open(path, 'r') as f:
                    for line in f:
                        line = line.strip()
                        if line and not line.startswith('#') and '=' in line:
                            key, value = line.split('=', 1)
                            # Remove quotes if present
                            value = value.strip('"\'')
                            os_release_data[key] = value
                return os_release_data
            except IOError:
                continue
    
    print("Error: os-release file not found")
    sys.exit(1)

def is_amazon_linux(os_data):
    """Check if this is Amazon Linux."""
    return os_data.get('ID') == 'amzn'

def is_fedora(os_data):
    """Check if this is Fedora."""
    return os_data.get('ID') == 'fedora'

def is_ubuntu(os_data):
    """Check if this is Ubuntu."""
    return os_data.get('ID') == 'ubuntu'

def is_debian(os_data):
    """Check if this is Debian."""
    return os_data.get('ID') == 'debian'

def is_like_fedora(os_data):
    """Check if this is like Fedora (includes Amazon Linux, CentOS, RHEL, etc.)."""
    if os_data.get('ID') == 'fedora':
        return True
    id_like = os_data.get('ID_LIKE', '')
    return 'fedora' in id_like

def is_like_debian(os_data):
    """Check if this is like Debian (includes Ubuntu and derivatives)."""
    if os_data.get('ID') == 'debian':
        return True
    id_like = os_data.get('ID_LIKE', '')
    return 'debian' in id_like

def main():
    # Parse os-release file
    os_data = parse_os_release()
    
    # Display results
    print("Operating System Detection Results:")
    print("==================================")
    print(f"Is Amazon Linux: {'YES' if is_amazon_linux(os_data) else 'NO'}")
    print(f"Is Fedora: {'YES' if is_fedora(os_data) else 'NO'}")
    print(f"Is Ubuntu: {'YES' if is_ubuntu(os_data) else 'NO'}")
    print(f"Is Debian: {'YES' if is_debian(os_data) else 'NO'}")
    print(f"Is like Fedora: {'YES' if is_like_fedora(os_data) else 'NO'}")
    print(f"Is like Debian: {'YES' if is_like_debian(os_data) else 'NO'}")
    
    # Additional information
    print()
    print("Detailed OS Information:")
    print("=======================")
    print(f"ID: {os_data.get('ID', '')}")
    print(f"VERSION_ID: {os_data.get('VERSION_ID', '')}")
    print(f"PRETTY_NAME: {os_data.get('PRETTY_NAME', '')}")
    if os_data.get('ID_LIKE'):
        print(f"ID_LIKE: {os_data.get('ID_LIKE')}")
    
    # Amazon Linux specific information
    if is_amazon_linux(os_data):
        print()
        print("Amazon Linux Version Details:")
        print("=============================")
        version_id = os_data.get('VERSION_ID', '')
        if version_id == '2018.03':
            print("Amazon Linux AMI (version 1)")
        elif version_id == '2':
            print("Amazon Linux 2")
        elif version_id == '2023':
            print("Amazon Linux 2023")
        else:
            print(f"Unknown Amazon Linux version: {version_id}")
        
        # Check for Amazon Linux specific files
        if os.path.exists('/etc/image-id'):
            print("Amazon Linux image-id file present")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Python 3.10+


#!/usr/bin/env python3

import os
import sys
import platform

def is_amazon_linux(os_data):
    """Check if this is Amazon Linux."""
    return os_data.get('ID') == 'amzn'

def is_fedora(os_data):
    """Check if this is Fedora."""
    return os_data.get('ID') == 'fedora'

def is_ubuntu(os_data):
    """Check if this is Ubuntu."""
    return os_data.get('ID') == 'ubuntu'

def is_debian(os_data):
    """Check if this is Debian."""
    return os_data.get('ID') == 'debian'

def is_like_fedora(os_data):
    """Check if this is like Fedora (includes Amazon Linux, CentOS, RHEL, etc.)."""
    if os_data.get('ID') == 'fedora':
        return True
    id_like = os_data.get('ID_LIKE', '')
    return 'fedora' in id_like

def is_like_debian(os_data):
    """Check if this is like Debian (includes Ubuntu and derivatives)."""
    if os_data.get('ID') == 'debian':
        return True
    id_like = os_data.get('ID_LIKE', '')
    return 'debian' in id_like

def main():
    # Parse os-release file using the standard library function (Python 3.10+)
    try:
        os_data = platform.freedesktop_os_release()
    except OSError:
        print("Error: os-release file not found")
        sys.exit(1)
    
    # Display results
    print("Operating System Detection Results:")
    print("==================================")
    print(f"Is Amazon Linux: {'YES' if is_amazon_linux(os_data) else 'NO'}")
    print(f"Is Fedora: {'YES' if is_fedora(os_data) else 'NO'}")
    print(f"Is Ubuntu: {'YES' if is_ubuntu(os_data) else 'NO'}")
    print(f"Is Debian: {'YES' if is_debian(os_data) else 'NO'}")
    print(f"Is like Fedora: {'YES' if is_like_fedora(os_data) else 'NO'}")
    print(f"Is like Debian: {'YES' if is_like_debian(os_data) else 'NO'}")
    
    # Additional information
    print()
    print("Detailed OS Information:")
    print("=======================")
    print(f"ID: {os_data.get('ID', '')}")
    print(f"VERSION_ID: {os_data.get('VERSION_ID', '')}")
    print(f"PRETTY_NAME: {os_data.get('PRETTY_NAME', '')}")
    if os_data.get('ID_LIKE'):
        print(f"ID_LIKE: {os_data.get('ID_LIKE')}")
    
    # Amazon Linux specific information
    if is_amazon_linux(os_data):
        print()
        print("Amazon Linux Version Details:")
        print("=============================")
        version_id = os_data.get('VERSION_ID', '')
        if version_id == '2018.03':
            print("Amazon Linux AMI (version 1)")
        elif version_id == '2':
            print("Amazon Linux 2")
        elif version_id == '2023':
            print("Amazon Linux 2023")
        else:
            print(f"Unknown Amazon Linux version: {version_id}")
        
        # Check for Amazon Linux specific files
        if os.path.exists('/etc/image-id'):
            print("Amazon Linux image-id file present")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Perl


#!/usr/bin/env perl

use strict;
use warnings;

# Function to parse the os-release file and return a hash of key-value pairs
sub parse_os_release {
    my %os_release_data;
    
    # Try /etc/os-release first, then /usr/lib/os-release
    my @paths = ('/etc/os-release', '/usr/lib/os-release');
    
    for my $path (@paths) {
        if (-f $path) {
            if (open(my $fh, '<', $path)) {
                while (my $line = <$fh>) {
                    chomp $line;
                    next if $line =~ /^\s*$/ || $line =~ /^\s*#/;
                    
                    if ($line =~ /^([^=]+)=(.*)$/) {
                        my ($key, $value) = ($1, $2);
                        # Remove quotes if present
                        $value =~ s/^["']|["']$//g;
                        $os_release_data{$key} = $value;
                    }
                }
                close($fh);
                return %os_release_data;
            }
        }
    }
    
    die "Error: os-release file not found\n";
}

# Function to check if this is Amazon Linux
sub is_amazon_linux {
    my %os_data = @_;
    return ($os_data{ID} // '') eq 'amzn';
}

# Function to check if this is Fedora
sub is_fedora {
    my %os_data = @_;
    return ($os_data{ID} // '') eq 'fedora';
}

# Function to check if this is Ubuntu
sub is_ubuntu {
    my %os_data = @_;
    return ($os_data{ID} // '') eq 'ubuntu';
}

# Function to check if this is Debian
sub is_debian {
    my %os_data = @_;
    return ($os_data{ID} // '') eq 'debian';
}

# Function to check if this is like Fedora (includes Amazon Linux, CentOS, RHEL, etc.)
sub is_like_fedora {
    my %os_data = @_;
    return 1 if ($os_data{ID} // '') eq 'fedora';
    my $id_like = $os_data{ID_LIKE} // '';
    return $id_like =~ /fedora/;
}

# Function to check if this is like Debian (includes Ubuntu and derivatives)
sub is_like_debian {
    my %os_data = @_;
    return 1 if ($os_data{ID} // '') eq 'debian';
    my $id_like = $os_data{ID_LIKE} // '';
    return $id_like =~ /debian/;
}

# Main execution
my %os_data = parse_os_release();

# Display results
print "Operating System Detection Results:\n";
print "==================================\n";
print "Is Amazon Linux: " . (is_amazon_linux(%os_data) ? "YES" : "NO") . "\n";
print "Is Fedora: " . (is_fedora(%os_data) ? "YES" : "NO") . "\n";
print "Is Ubuntu: " . (is_ubuntu(%os_data) ? "YES" : "NO") . "\n";
print "Is Debian: " . (is_debian(%os_data) ? "YES" : "NO") . "\n";
print "Is like Fedora: " . (is_like_fedora(%os_data) ? "YES" : "NO") . "\n";
print "Is like Debian: " . (is_like_debian(%os_data) ? "YES" : "NO") . "\n";
print "\n";

# Additional information
print "Detailed OS Information:\n";
print "=======================\n";
print "ID: " . ($os_data{ID} // '') . "\n";
print "VERSION_ID: " . ($os_data{VERSION_ID} // '') . "\n";
print "PRETTY_NAME: " . ($os_data{PRETTY_NAME} // '') . "\n";
print "ID_LIKE: " . ($os_data{ID_LIKE} // '') . "\n" if $os_data{ID_LIKE};

# Amazon Linux specific information
if (is_amazon_linux(%os_data)) {
    print "\n";
    print "Amazon Linux Version Details:\n";
    print "=============================\n";
    my $version_id = $os_data{VERSION_ID} // '';
    
    if ($version_id eq '2018.03') {
        print "Amazon Linux AMI (version 1)\n";
    } elsif ($version_id eq '2') {
        print "Amazon Linux 2\n";
    } elsif ($version_id eq '2023') {
        print "Amazon Linux 2023\n";
    } else {
        print "Unknown Amazon Linux version: $version_id\n";
    }
    
    # Check for Amazon Linux specific files
    if (-f '/etc/image-id') {
        print "Amazon Linux image-id file present\n";
    }
}

Wenn das Skript auf verschiedenen Systemen ausgeführt wird, erzeugt es die folgende Ausgabe:

AL2023

Operating System Detection Results:
==================================
Is Amazon Linux: YES
Is Fedora: NO
Is Ubuntu: NO
Is Debian: NO
Is like Fedora: YES
Is like Debian: NO

Detailed OS Information:
=======================
ID: amzn
VERSION_ID: 2023
PRETTY_NAME: Amazon Linux 2023.8.20250721
ID_LIKE: fedora

Amazon Linux Version Details:
=============================
Amazon Linux 2023
Amazon Linux image-id file present

AL2

Operating System Detection Results:
==================================
Is Amazon Linux: YES
Is Fedora: NO
Is Ubuntu: NO
Is Debian: NO
Is like Fedora: YES
Is like Debian: NO

Detailed OS Information:
=======================
ID: amzn
VERSION_ID: 2
PRETTY_NAME: Amazon Linux 2
ID_LIKE: centos rhel fedora

Amazon Linux Version Details:
=============================
Amazon Linux 2
Amazon Linux image-id file present

Amazon Linux AMI

Operating System Detection Results:
==================================
Is Amazon Linux: YES
Is Fedora: NO
Is Ubuntu: NO
Is Debian: NO
Is like Fedora: YES
Is like Debian: NO

Detailed OS Information:
=======================
ID: amzn
VERSION_ID: 2018.03
PRETTY_NAME: Amazon Linux AMI 2018.03
ID_LIKE: rhel fedora

Amazon Linux Version Details:
=============================
Amazon Linux AMI (version 1)
Amazon Linux image-id file present

Ubuntu

Operating System Detection Results:
==================================
Is Amazon Linux: NO
Is Fedora: NO
Is Ubuntu: YES
Is Debian: NO
Is like Fedora: NO
Is like Debian: YES

Detailed OS Information:
=======================
ID: ubuntu
VERSION_ID: 24.04
PRETTY_NAME: Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS
ID_LIKE: debian

Debian

Operating System Detection Results:
==================================
Is Amazon Linux: NO
Is Fedora: NO
Is Ubuntu: NO
Is Debian: YES
Is like Fedora: NO
Is like Debian: YES

Detailed OS Information:
=======================
ID: debian
VERSION_ID: 12
PRETTY_NAME: Debian GNU/Linux 12 (bookworm)

Fedora

Operating System Detection Results:
==================================
Is Amazon Linux: NO
Is Fedora: YES
Is Ubuntu: NO
Is Debian: NO
Is like Fedora: YES
Is like Debian: NO

Detailed OS Information:
=======================
ID: fedora
VERSION_ID: 42
PRETTY_NAME: Fedora Linux 42 (Container Image)

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