Restricting Database Access Using Role-Based Access Control (Built-In Roles)

You can restrict access to the actions that users can perform on databases using role-based access control (RBAC) in Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility). RBAC works by granting one or more roles to a user. These roles determine the operations that a user can perform on specified databases. Amazon DocumentDB currently supports built-in roles that are scoped at the database level, such as read, readWrite, readAnyDatabase, and clusterAdmin.

Common use cases for RBAC include enforcing least privileges by creating users with read-only access to the databases in a cluster, and multi-tenant application designs that enable a single user to access a given database in a cluster.

Note

All new users created before March 26, 2020 have been granted the dbAdminAnyDatabase, readWriteAnyDatabase, and clusterAdmin roles. It is recommended that you reevaluate all existing users and modify the roles as necessary to enforce least privileges for your clusters.

RBAC Concepts

The following are important terms and concepts related to role-based access control. For more information on Amazon DocumentDB users, see Managing Amazon DocumentDB Users.

• User — An individual entity that can authenticate to the database and perform operations.

• Password — A secret that is used to authenticate the user.

• Role — Authorizes a user to perform actions on one or more databases.

• Admin Database — The database in which users are stored and authorized against.

• Database (db) — The namespace within clusters that contains collections for storing documents.

The following command creates a user named sample-user.

db.createUser({user: "sample-user", pwd: "abc123", roles: [{role: "read", db: "sample-database"}]})

In this example:

• user: "sample-user" — Indicates the user name.

• pwd: "abc123" — Indicates the user password.

• role: "read", "db: "sample-database" — Indicates that the user sample-user will have read permissions in sample-database.

The following example shows the output after you get the user sample-user with db.getUser(sample-user). In this example, the user sample-user resides in the admin database but has the read role for the database sample-database.

When creating users, if you omit the db field when specifying the role, Amazon DocumentDB will implicitly attribute the role to the database in which the connection is being issued against. For example, if your connection is issued against the database sample-database and you run the following command, the user sample-user will be created in the admin database and will have readWrite permissions to the database sample-database.

db.createUser({user: "sample-user", pwd: "abc123", roles: ["readWrite"]})

Output from this operation looks something like the following.

{
    "user" : "sample-user",
	"roles" : [
	        {
	            "db" : "sample-database",
	            "role" : "readWrite"
            }
    ]
}
        

Creating users with roles that are scoped across all databases (for example, readAnyDatabase) require that you either be in the context of the admin database when creating the user, or you explicitly state the database for the role when creating the user. To issue commands against the admin database, you can use the command use admin. For more information, see Common Commands.

Getting Started with RBAC

To help you get started with role-based access control, this section walks you through an example scenario of enforcing least privilege by creating roles for three users with different job functions.

• user1 is a new manager that needs to be able to view and access all databases in a cluster.

• user2 is a new employee that needs access to only one database, sample-database-1, in that same cluster.

• user3 is an existing employee that needs to view and access a different database, sample-database-2 that they didn't have access to before, in the same cluster.

At a point later, both user1 and user2 leave the company and so their access must be revoked.

To create users and grant roles, the user that you authenticate to the cluster with must have an associated role that can perform actions for createUser and grantRole. For example, the roles admin and userAdminAnyDatabase can both grant such abilities, for example. For actions per role, see Built-In Roles.

Note

In Amazon DocumentDB, all user and role operations (for example, create, get, drop, grant, revoke, etc.) are implicitly performed in the admin database whether or not you are issuing commands against the admin database.

First, to understand what the current users and roles are in the cluster, you can run the show users command, as in the following example. You will see two users, serviceadmin and the master user for the cluster. These two users always exist and cannot be deleted. For more information, see Managing Amazon DocumentDB Users.

show users

For user1, create a role with read and write access to all databases in the entire cluster with the following command.

db.createUser({user: "user1", pwd: "abc123", roles: [{role: "readWriteAnyDatabase", db: "admin"}]})

Output from this operation looks something like the following.

{
	"user" : "user1",
	"roles" : [
		{
			"role" : "readWriteAnyDatabase",
			"db" : "admin"
		}
	]
}
        

For user2, create a role with read-only access to the database sample-database-1 with the following command.

db.createUser({user: "user2", pwd: "abc123", roles: [{role: "read", db: "sample-database-1"}]})

Output from this operation looks something like the following.

{
	"user" : "user2",
	"roles" : [
		{
			"role" : "read",
			"db" : "sample-database-1"
		}
	]
}
        

To simulate the scenario that user3 is an existing user, first create the user user3, and then assign a new role to user3.

db.createUser({user: "user3", pwd: "abc123", roles: [{role: "readWrite", db: "sample-database-1"}]})

Output from this operation looks something like the following.

{
	"user" : "user3",
	"roles" : [
		{
			"role" : "readWrite",
			"db" : "sample-database-1"
		}
	]
}
        

Now that the user user3 has been created, assign user3 the role read to sample-database-2.

db.grantRolesToUser("user3", [{role: "read", db: "sample-database-2"}])

Lastly, both user1 and user2 leave the company and need their access to the cluster revoked. You can do this by dropping the users, as follows.

db.dropUser("user1")
db.dropUser("user2")

To ensure that all users have the appropriate roles, you can list all users with the following command.

show users

Output from this operation looks something like the following.

{
    "_id" : "serviceadmin",
    "user" : "serviceadmin",
    "db" : "admin",
    "roles" : [
        {
            "db" : "admin",
            "role" : "root"
        }
    ]
}
{
    "_id" : "master-user",
    "user" : "master-user",
    "db" : "admin",
    "roles" : [
        {
            "db" : "admin",
            "role" : "root"
        }
    ]
}
{
    "_id" : "user3",
    "user" : "user3",
    "db" : "admin",
    "roles" : [
        {
            "db" : "sample-database-2",
            "role" : "read"
        },
        {
            "db" : "sample-database-1",
            "role" : "readWrite"
        }
    ]
}

Connecting to Amazon DocumentDB as a User

When connecting to an Amazon DocumentDB cluster, you connect in the context of a particular database. By default, if you don't specify a database in your connection string, you are automatically connected to the cluster in the context of the test database. All collection level commands like insert and find are issued against collections in the test database.

To see the database you are in the context of or — in other words — issuing commands against, use the db command in the mongo shell, as follows.

Query:

db

Output:

test

Although the default connection might be in the context of the test database, that does not necessarily mean that the user associated with the connection is authorized to perform actions on the test database. In the preceding example scenario, if you authenticate as the user user3, which has the readWrite role for the sample-database-1 database, the default context of your connection is the test database. However, if you try to insert a document into a collection on the test database, you will receive an Authorization failure error message. This is because that user is not authorized to perform that command on that database, as shown below.

Query:

db

Output:

test

Query:

db.col.insert({x:1})

Output:

WriteCommandError({ "ok" : 0, "code" : 13, "errmsg" : "Authorization failure" })

If you change the context of your connection to the sample-database-1 database, you can write to the collection for which the user has the authorization to do so.

Query:

use sample-database-1

Output:

switched to db sample-database-1

Query:

db.col.insert({x:1})

Output:

WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1})

When you authenticate to a cluster with a particular user, you can also specify the database in the connection string. Doing so removes the necessity to perform the use command after the user has been authenticated to the admin database.

The following connection string authenticates the user against the admin database, but the context of the connection will be against the sample-database-1 database.

mongo "mongodb://user3:[e-mail]:27017/sample-database-2"

Common Commands

This section provides examples of common commands using role-based access control in Amazon DocumentDB. You must be in the context of the admin database to create and modify users and roles. You can use the use admin command to switch to the admin database.

Note

Modifications to the users and roles will implicitly occur in the admin database. Creating users with roles that are scoped across all databases (for example, readAnyDatabase) requires that you are either in the context of the admin database (that is, use admin) when creating the user, or you explicitly state the database for the role when creating the user (as shown in Example 2 in this section).

Example 1: Create a user with read role for the database foo.

db.createUser({user: "readInFooBar", pwd: "abc123", roles: [{role: "read", db: "foo"}]})

Output from this operation looks something like the following.

{
	"user" : "readInFooBar",
	"roles" : [
		{
			"role" : "read",
			"db" : "foo"
		}
	]
}
        

Example 2: Create a user with read access on all databases.

db.createUser({user: "readAllDBs", pwd: "abc123", roles: [{role: "readAnyDatabase", db: "admin"}]})

Output from this operation looks something like the following.

{
	"user" : "readAllDBs",
	"roles" : [
		{
			"role" : "readAnyDatabase",
			"db" : "admin"
		}
	]
}
        

Example 3: Grant read role to an existing user on a new database.

db.grantRolesToUser("readInFooBar", [{role: "read", db: "bar"}])

Example 4: Update a user's role.

db.updateUser("readInFooBar", {roles: [{role: "read", db: "foo"}, {role: "read", db: "baz"}]})

Example 5: Revoke access to a database for a user.

db.revokeRolesFromUser("readInFooBar", [{role: "read", db: "baz"}])

Example 6: Describe a built-in role.

db.getRole("read", {showPrivileges:true})

Output from this operation looks something like the following.

{
	"role" : "read",
	"db" : "sample-database-1",
	"isBuiltin" : true,
	"roles" : [ ],
	"inheritedRoles" : [ ],
	"privileges" : [
		{
			"resource" : {
				"db" : "sample-database-1",
				"collection" : ""
			},
			"actions" : [
				"changeStream",
				"collStats",
				"dbStats",
				"find",
				"killCursors",
				"listCollections",
				"listIndexes"
			]
		}
	],
	"inheritedPrivileges" : [
		{
			"resource" : {
				"db" : "sample-database-1",
				"collection" : ""
			},
			"actions" : [
				"changeStream",
				"collStats",
				"dbStats",
				"find",
				"killCursors",
				"listCollections",
				"listIndexes"
			]
		}
	]
}
        

Example 7: Drop a user from the cluster.

db.dropUser("readInFooBar")

Output from this operation looks something like the following.

true

Functional Differences

In Amazon DocumentDB, user and role definitions are stored in the admin database and users are authenticated against the admin database. This functionality differs from the MongoDB Community Edition, but is consistent with MongoDB Atlas.

Amazon DocumentDB also supports change streams, which provide a time-ordered sequence of change events that occur within your cluster’s collections. The listChangeStreams action is applied at the cluster level (that is, across all databases), and the modifyChangeStreams action is applied at the database level.

Limits

The following table contains the limits for built-in roles in Amazon DocumentDB. Please note that Amazon DocumentDB does not currently support RBAC custom roles.

Description	Limit
Number of users per cluster	1000
Number of roles associated with a user	1000

Built-In Roles

With role-based access control, you can create a user and grant it one or more roles to determine what operations that user can perform in a database or cluster.

The following is a list of built-in roles that are currently supported in Amazon DocumentDB.

Role Type	Role Name	Description	Actions
Database User	read	Grants a user read access to the specified database.	changeStreams collStats dbStats find killCursors listIndexes listCollections
	readWrite	Grants the user read and write access to the specified database.	All actions from read permissions. createCollection dropCollection createIndex dropIndex insert killCursors listIndexes listCollections remove update
Cluster User	readAnyDatabase	Grants a user read access to all databases in the cluster.	All actions from read permissions. listChangeStreams listDatabases
	readWriteAnyDatabase	Grants a user read and write access to all databases in the cluster.	All actions from readWrite permissions. listChangeStreams listDatabases
	userAdminAnyDatabase	Grants a user the ability to assign and modify the roles or privileges any user has to the specified database.	changeCustomData changePassword createUser dropRole dropUser grantRole listDatabases revokeRole viewRole viewUser
	dbAdminAnyDatabase	Grants a user the ability to perform database administration roles on any specified database.	All actions from dbAdmin permissions. dropCollection listDatabases listChangeStreams modifyChangeStreams
Superuser	root	Grants a user access to the resources and operations of all the following roles combined: readWriteAnyDatabase, dbAdminAnyDatabase, userAdminAnyDatabase, clusterAdmin, restore, and backup.	All actions from readWriteAnyDatabase, dbAdminAnyDatabase, userAdminAnyDatabase, clusterAdmin, restore, and backup.
Database Administration	dbAdmin	Grants a user the ability to perform administrative tasks on the specified database.	collMod collStats createCollection createIndex dropCollection dropDatabase dropIndex dbStats find killCursors listIndexes listCollections modifyChangeStreams
	dbOwner	Grants a user the ability to perform any administrative tasks on the specified database by combining the roles dbAdmin and readWrite.	All actions from dbAdmin and readWrite.
Cluster Administration	clusterAdmin	Grants a user the greatest cluster management access by combining the clusterManager, clusterMonitor, and hostManager roles.	All actions from clusterManager, clusterMonitor, and hostManager. listChangeStreams dropDatabase modifyChangeStreams
	clusterManager	Grants a user the ability to take management and monitoring actions on the specified cluster.	listChangeStreams listSessions modifyChangeStreams replSetGetConfig
	clusterMonitor	Grants a user the ability to have read-only access to monitoring tools.	collStats dbStats find getParameter hostInfo indexStats killCursors listChangeStreams listCollections listDatabases listIndexes listSessions replSetGetConfig serverStatus top
	hostManager	Grants a user the ability to monitor and manage servers.	killCursors killAnyCursor killAnySession killop
Backup Administration	backup	Grants a user the access needed to back up data.	getParameter insert find listChangeStreams listCollections listDatabases listIndexes update
	restore	Grants a user the access needed to restore data.	changeCustomData changePassword collMod createCollection createIndex createUser dropCollection dropRole dropUser getParameter grantRole find insert listCollections modifyChangeStreams revokeRole remove viewRole viewUser update