Managing performance and scaling for Amazon Aurora MySQL

Scaling Aurora MySQL DB instances

You can scale Aurora MySQL DB instances in two ways, instance scaling and read scaling. For more information about read scaling, see Read scaling.

You can scale your Aurora MySQL DB cluster by modifying the DB instance class for each DB instance in the DB cluster. Aurora MySQL supports several DB instance classes optimized for Aurora. Don't use db.t2 or db.t3 instance classes for larger Aurora clusters of size greater than 40 TB. For the specifications of the DB instance classes supported by Aurora MySQL, see Aurora DB instance classes.

Note

We recommend using the T DB instance classes only for development and test servers, or other non-production servers. For more details on the T instance classes, see Using T instance classes for development and testing.

Maximum connections to an Aurora MySQL DB instance

The maximum number of connections allowed to an Aurora MySQL DB instance is determined by the max_connections parameter in the instance-level parameter group for the DB instance.

The following table lists the resulting default value of max_connections for each DB instance class available to Aurora MySQL. You can increase the maximum number of connections to your Aurora MySQL DB instance by scaling the instance up to a DB instance class with more memory, or by setting a larger value for the max_connections parameter in the DB parameter group for your instance, up to 16,000.

Tip

If your applications frequently open and close connections, or keep a large number of long-lived connections open, we recommend that you use Amazon RDS Proxy. RDS Proxy is a fully managed, highly available database proxy that uses connection pooling to share database connections securely and efficiently. To learn more about RDS Proxy, see Using Amazon RDS Proxy for Aurora.

For details about how Aurora Serverless v2 instances handle this parameter, see Maximum connections for Aurora Serverless v2.

Instance class	max_connections default value
db.t2.small	45
db.t2.medium	90
db.t3.small	45
db.t3.medium	90
db.t3.large	135
db.t4g.medium	90
db.t4g.large	135
db.r3.large	1000
db.r3.xlarge	2000
db.r3.2xlarge	3000
db.r3.4xlarge	4000
db.r3.8xlarge	5000
db.r4.large	1000
db.r4.xlarge	2000
db.r4.2xlarge	3000
db.r4.4xlarge	4000
db.r4.8xlarge	5000
db.r4.16xlarge	6000
db.r5.large	1000
db.r5.xlarge	2000
db.r5.2xlarge	3000
db.r5.4xlarge	4000
db.r5.8xlarge	5000
db.r5.12xlarge	6000
db.r5.16xlarge	6000
db.r5.24xlarge	7000
db.r6g.large	1000
db.r6g.xlarge	2000
db.r6g.2xlarge	3000
db.r6g.4xlarge	4000
db.r6g.8xlarge	5000
db.r6g.12xlarge	6000
db.r6g.16xlarge	6000
db.r6i.large	1000
db.r6i.xlarge	2000
db.r6i.2xlarge	3000
db.r6i.4xlarge	4000
db.r6i.8xlarge	5000
db.r6i.12xlarge	6000
db.r6i.16xlarge	6000
db.r6i.24xlarge	7000
db.r6i.32xlarge	7000
db.x2g.large	2000
db.x2g.xlarge	3000
db.x2g.2xlarge	4000
db.x2g.4xlarge	5000
db.x2g.8xlarge	6000
db.x2g.12xlarge	7000
db.x2g.16xlarge	7000

If you create a new parameter group to customize your own default for the connection limit, you'll see that the default connection limit is derived using a formula based on the DBInstanceClassMemory value. As shown in the preceding table, the formula produces connection limits that increase by 1000 as the memory doubles between progressively larger R3, R4, and R5 instances, and by 45 for different memory sizes of T2 and T3 instances.

See Specifying DB parameters for more details on how DBInstanceClassMemory is calculated.

Aurora MySQL and RDS for MySQL DB instances have different amounts of memory overhead. Therefore, the max_connections value can be different for Aurora MySQL and RDS for MySQL DB instances that use the same instance class. The values in the table only apply to Aurora MySQL DB instances.

Note

The much lower connectivity limits for T2 and T3 instances are because with Aurora, those instance classes are intended only for development and test scenarios, not for production workloads.

The default connection limits are tuned for systems that use the default values for other major memory consumers, such as the buffer pool and query cache. If you change those other settings for your cluster, consider adjusting the connection limit to account for the increase or decrease in available memory on the DB instances.

Temporary storage limits for Aurora MySQL

Aurora MySQL stores tables and indexes in the Aurora storage subsystem. Aurora MySQL uses separate temporary storage for nonpersistent temporary files. Aurora MySQL uses local storage for storing error logs, general logs, slow query logs, audit logs, and non-InnoDB temporary tables. Local storage also includes files that are used for such purposes as sorting large datasets during query processing or for index build operations. It does not include InnoDB temporary tables. For more information, see the article What is stored in Aurora MySQL-Compatible local storage, and how can I troubleshoot local storage issues?. For more information on temporary tables in Aurora MySQL version 3, see New temporary table behavior in Aurora MySQL version 3. For more information on temporary tables in version 2, see Temporary tablespace behavior in Aurora MySQL version 2.

These local storage volumes are backed by Amazon Elastic Block Store and can be extended by using a larger DB instance class. For more information about storage, see Amazon Aurora storage and reliability.

Note

You might see storage-optimization events when scaling DB instances, for example, from db.r5.2xlarge to db.r5.4xlarge.

The following table shows the maximum amount of temporary storage available for each Aurora MySQL DB instance class. For more information on DB instance class support for Aurora, see Aurora DB instance classes.

DB instance class	Maximum temporary storage available (GiB)
db.x2g.16xlarge	1280
db.x2g.12xlarge	960
db.x2g.8xlarge	640
db.x2g.4xlarge	320
db.x2g.2xlarge	160
db.x2g.xlarge	80
db.x2g.large	40
db.r6i.32xlarge	2560
db.r6i.24xlarge	1920
db.r6i.16xlarge	1280
db.r6i.12xlarge	960
db.r6i.8xlarge	640
db.r6i.4xlarge	320
db.r6i.2xlarge	160
db.r6i.xlarge	80
db.r6i.large	32
db.r6g.16xlarge	1280
db.r6g.12xlarge	960
db.r6g.8xlarge	640
db.r6g.4xlarge	320
db.r6g.2xlarge	160
db.r6g.xlarge	80
db.r6g.large	32
db.r5.24xlarge	1920
db.r5.16xlarge	1280
db.r5.12xlarge	960
db.r5.8xlarge	640
db.r5.4xlarge	320
db.r5.2xlarge	160
db.r5.xlarge	80
db.r5.large	32
db.r4.16xlarge	1280
db.r4.8xlarge	640
db.r4.4xlarge	320
db.r4.2xlarge	160
db.r4.xlarge	80
db.r4.large	32
db.t4g.large	32
db.t4g.medium	32
db.t3.large	32
db.t3.medium	32
db.t3.small	32
db.t2.medium	32
db.t2.small	32

Important

These values represent the theoretical maximum amount of free storage on each DB instance. The actual local storage available to you might be lower. Aurora uses some local storage for its management processes, and the DB instance uses some local storage even before you load any data. You can monitor the temporary storage available for a specific DB instance with the FreeLocalStorage CloudWatch metric, described in Amazon CloudWatch metrics for Amazon Aurora. You can check the amount of free storage at the present time. You can also chart the amount of free storage over time. Monitoring the free storage over time helps you to determine whether the value is increasing or decreasing, or to find the minimum, maximum, or average values.

(This doesn't apply to Aurora Serverless v2.)