EC2Contoh Amazon menggunakan AWS CLI skrip Bash

Jalankan skenario interaktif di penggugah/prompt perintah.

###############################################################################
# function get_started_with_ec2_instances
#
# Runs an interactive scenario that shows how to get started using EC2 instances.
#
#     "EC2 access" permissions are needed to run this code.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If an error occurred.
###############################################################################
function get_started_with_ec2_instances() {
  # Requires version 4 for mapfile.
  local required_version=4.0

  # Get the current Bash version
  # Check if BASH_VERSION is set
  local current_version
  if [[ -n "$BASH_VERSION" ]]; then
    # Convert BASH_VERSION to a number for comparison
    current_version=$BASH_VERSION
  else
    # Get the current Bash version using the bash command
    current_version=$(bash --version | head -n 1 | awk '{ print $4 }')
  fi

  # Convert version strings to numbers for comparison
  local required_version_num current_version_num
  required_version_num=$(echo "$required_version" | awk -F. '{ print ($1 * 10000) + ($2 * 100) + $3 }')
  current_version_num=$(echo "$current_version" | awk -F. '{ print ($1 * 10000) + ($2 * 100) + $3 }')

  # Compare versions
  if ((current_version_num < required_version_num)); then
    echo "Error: This script requires Bash version $required_version or higher."
    echo "Your current Bash version is number is $current_version."
    exit 1
  fi

  {
    if [ "$EC2_OPERATIONS_SOURCED" != "True" ]; then

      source ./ec2_operations.sh
    fi
  }

  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo "Welcome to the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) get started with instances demo."
  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo

  echo "Let's create an RSA key pair that you can be use to securely connect to "
  echo "your EC2 instance."

  echo -n "Enter a unique name for your key: "
  get_input
  local key_name
  key_name=$get_input_result

  local temp_dir
  temp_dir=$(mktemp -d)
  local key_file_name="$temp_dir/${key_name}.pem"

  if ec2_create_keypair -n "${key_name}" -f "${key_file_name}"; then
    echo "Created a key pair $key_name and saved the private key to $key_file_name"
    echo
  else
    errecho "The key pair failed to create. This demo will exit."
    return 1
  fi

  chmod 400 "${key_file_name}"

  if yes_no_input "Do you want to list some of your key pairs? (y/n) "; then
    local keys_and_fingerprints
    keys_and_fingerprints="$(ec2_describe_key_pairs)" && {
      local image_name_and_id
      while IFS=$'\n' read -r image_name_and_id; do
        local entries
        IFS=$'\t' read -ra entries <<<"$image_name_and_id"
        echo "Found rsa key ${entries[0]} with fingerprint:"
        echo "     ${entries[1]}"
      done <<<"$keys_and_fingerprints"

    }
  fi

  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo_repeat "*" 88

  echo "Let's create a security group to manage access to your instance."
  echo -n "Enter a unique name for your security group: "
  get_input
  local security_group_name
  security_group_name=$get_input_result
  local security_group_id
  security_group_id=$(ec2_create_security_group -n "$security_group_name" \
    -d "Security group for EC2 instance") || {
    errecho "The security failed to create. This demo will exit."
    clean_up "$key_name" "$key_file_name"
    return 1
  }

  echo "Security group created with ID $security_group_id"
  echo

  local public_ip
  public_ip=$(curl -s http://checkip.amazonaws.com)

  echo "Let's add a rule to allow SSH only from your current IP address."
  echo "Your public IP address is $public_ip"
  echo -n "press return to add this rule to your security group."
  get_input

  if ! ec2_authorize_security_group_ingress -g "$security_group_id" -i "$public_ip" -p tcp -f 22 -t 22; then
    errecho "The security group rules failed to update. This demo will exit."
    clean_up "$key_name" "$key_file_name" "$security_group_id"
    return 1
  fi

  echo "Security group rules updated"

  local security_group_description
  security_group_description="$(ec2_describe_security_groups -g "${security_group_id}")" || {
    errecho "Failed to describe security groups. This demo will exit."
    clean_up "$key_name" "$key_file_name" "$security_group_id"
    return 1
  }

  mapfile -t parameters <<<"$security_group_description"
  IFS=$'\t' read -ra entries <<<"${parameters[0]}"
  echo "Security group: ${entries[0]}"
  echo "    ID: ${entries[1]}"
  echo "    VPC: ${entries[2]}"
  echo "Inbound permissions:"
  IFS=$'\t' read -ra entries <<<"${parameters[1]}"
  echo "    IpProtocol: ${entries[0]}"
  echo "    FromPort: ${entries[1]}"
  echo "    ToPort: ${entries[2]}"
  echo "    CidrIp: ${parameters[2]}"

  local parameters
  parameters="$(ssm_get_parameters_by_path -p "/aws/service/ami-amazon-linux-latest")" || {
    errecho "Failed to get parameters. This demo will exit."
    clean_up "$key_name" "$key_file_name" "$security_group_id"
    return 1

  }

  local image_ids=""
  mapfile -t parameters <<<"$parameters"
  for image_name_and_id in "${parameters[@]}"; do
    IFS=$'\t' read -ra values <<<"$image_name_and_id"
    if [[ "${values[0]}" == *"amzn2"* ]]; then
      image_ids+="${values[1]} "
    fi
  done

  local images
  images="$(ec2_describe_images -i "$image_ids")" || {
    errecho "Failed to describe images. This demo will exit."
    clean_up "$key_name" "$key_file_name" "$security_group_id"
    return 1

  }

  new_line_and_tab_to_list "$images"
  local images=("${list_result[@]}")

  # Get the size of the array
  local images_count=${#images[@]}

  if ((images_count == 0)); then
    errecho "No images found. This demo will exit."
    clean_up "$key_name" "$key_file_name" "$security_group_id"
    return 1
  fi

  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo_repeat "*" 88

  echo "Let's create an instance from an Amazon Linux 2 AMI. Here are some options:"
  for ((i = 0; i < images_count; i += 3)); do
    echo "$(((i / 3) + 1)) - ${images[$i]}"
  done

  integer_input "Please enter the number of the AMI you want to use: " 1 "$((images_count / 3))"
  local choice=$get_input_result
  choice=$(((choice - 1) * 3))

  echo "Great choice."
  echo

  local architecture=${images[$((choice + 1))]}
  local image_id=${images[$((choice + 2))]}
  echo "Here are some instance types that support the ${architecture} architecture of the image:"
  response="$(ec2_describe_instance_types -a "${architecture}" -t "*.micro,*.small")" || {
    errecho "Failed to describe instance types. This demo will exit."
    clean_up "$key_name" "$key_file_name" "$security_group_id"
    return 1
  }

  local instance_types
  mapfile -t instance_types <<<"$response"

  # Get the size of the array
  local instance_types_count=${#instance_types[@]}

  echo "Here are some options:"
  for ((i = 0; i < instance_types_count; i++)); do
    echo "$((i + 1)) - ${instance_types[$i]}"
  done

  integer_input "Which one do you want to use? " 1 "${#instance_types[@]}
"
  choice=$get_input_result
  local instance_type=${instance_types[$((choice - 1))]}
  echo "Another great choice."
  echo

  echo "Creating your instance and waiting for it to start..."
  local instance_id
  instance_id=$(ec2_run_instances -i "$image_id" -t "$instance_type" -k "$key_name" -s "$security_group_id") || {
    errecho "Failed to run instance. This demo will exit."
    clean_up "$key_name" "$key_file_name" "$security_group_id"
    return 1
  }

  ec2_wait_for_instance_running -i "$instance_id"
  echo "Your instance is ready:"
  echo

  local instance_details
  instance_details="$(ec2_describe_instances -i "${instance_id}")"

  echo
  print_instance_details "${instance_details}"

  local public_ip
  public_ip=$(echo "${instance_details}" | awk '{print $6}')
  echo
  echo "You can use SSH to connect to your instance"
  echo "If the connection attempt times out, you might have to manually update the SSH ingress rule"
  echo "for your IP address in the AWS Management Console."
  connect_to_instance "$key_file_name" "$public_ip"

  echo -n "Press Enter when you're ready to continue the demo: "
  get_input

  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo_repeat "*" 88

  echo "Let's stop and start your instance to see what changes."
  echo "Stopping your instance and waiting until it's stopped..."
  ec2_stop_instances -i "$instance_id"
  ec2_wait_for_instance_stopped -i "$instance_id"

  echo "Your instance is stopped. Restarting..."

  ec2_start_instances -i "$instance_id"
  ec2_wait_for_instance_running -i "$instance_id"

  echo "Your instance is running again."
  local instance_details
  instance_details="$(ec2_describe_instances -i "${instance_id}")"

  print_instance_details "${instance_details}"

  public_ip=$(echo "${instance_details}" | awk '{print $6}')

  echo "Every time your instance is restarted, its public IP address changes"
  connect_to_instance "$key_file_name" "$public_ip"

  echo -n "Press Enter when you're ready to continue the demo: "
  get_input

  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo_repeat "*" 88

  echo "You can allocate an Elastic IP address and associate it with your instance"
  echo "to keep a consistent IP address even when your instance restarts."

  local result
  result=$(ec2_allocate_address -d vpc) || {
    errecho "Failed to allocate an address. This demo will exit."
    clean_up "$key_name" "$key_file_name" "$security_group_id" "$instance_id"
    return 1
  }

  local elastic_ip allocation_id
  elastic_ip=$(echo "$result" | awk '{print $1}')
  allocation_id=$(echo "$result" | awk '{print $2}')

  echo "Allocated static Elastic IP address: $elastic_ip"

  local association_id
  association_id=$(ec2_associate_address -i "$instance_id" -a "$allocation_id") || {
    errecho "Failed to associate an address. This demo will exit."
    clean_up "$key_name" "$key_file_name" "$security_group_id" "$instance_id" "$allocation_id"
    return 1
  }

  echo "Associated your Elastic IP with your instance."
  echo "You can now use SSH to connect to your instance by using the Elastic IP."
  connect_to_instance "$key_file_name" "$elastic_ip"

  echo -n "Press Enter when you're ready to continue the demo: "
  get_input

  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo_repeat "*" 88

  echo "Let's stop and start your instance to see what changes."
  echo "Stopping your instance and waiting until it's stopped..."
  ec2_stop_instances -i "$instance_id"
  ec2_wait_for_instance_stopped -i "$instance_id"

  echo "Your instance is stopped. Restarting..."

  ec2_start_instances -i "$instance_id"
  ec2_wait_for_instance_running -i "$instance_id"

  echo "Your instance is running again."
  local instance_details
  instance_details="$(ec2_describe_instances -i "${instance_id}")"

  print_instance_details "${instance_details}"

  echo "Because you have associated an Elastic IP with your instance, you can"
  echo "connect by using a consistent IP address after the instance restarts."
  connect_to_instance "$key_file_name" "$elastic_ip"

  echo -n "Press Enter when you're ready to continue the demo: "
  get_input

  echo_repeat "*" 88
  echo_repeat "*" 88

  if yes_no_input "Do you want to delete the resources created in this demo: (y/n) "; then
    clean_up "$key_name" "$key_file_name" "$security_group_id" "$instance_id" \
      "$allocation_id" "$association_id"
  else
    echo "The following resources were not deleted."
    echo "Key pair: $key_name"
    echo "Key file: $key_file_name"
    echo "Security group: $security_group_id"
    echo "Instance: $instance_id"
    echo "Elastic IP address: $elastic_ip"
  fi
}

###############################################################################
# function clean_up
#
# This function cleans up the created resources.
#     $1 - The name of the ec2 key pair to delete.
#     $2 - The name of the key file to delete.
#     $3 - The ID of the security group to delete.
#     $4 - The ID of the instance to terminate.
#     $5 - The ID of the elastic IP address to release.
#     $6 - The ID of the elastic IP address to disassociate.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If an error occurred.
###############################################################################
function clean_up() {
  local result=0
  local key_pair_name=$1
  local key_file_name=$2
  local security_group_id=$3
  local instance_id=$4
  local allocation_id=$5
  local association_id=$6

  if [ -n "$association_id" ]; then
    # bashsupport disable=BP2002
    if (ec2_disassociate_address -a "$association_id"); then
      echo "Disassociated elastic IP address with ID $association_id"
    else
      errecho "The elastic IP address disassociation failed."
      result=1
    fi
  fi

  if [ -n "$allocation_id" ]; then
    # bashsupport disable=BP2002
    if (ec2_release_address -a "$allocation_id"); then
      echo "Released elastic IP address with ID $allocation_id"
    else
      errecho "The elastic IP address release failed."
      result=1
    fi
  fi

  if [ -n "$instance_id" ]; then
    # bashsupport disable=BP2002
    if (ec2_terminate_instances -i "$instance_id"); then
      echo "Started terminating instance with ID $instance_id"

      ec2_wait_for_instance_terminated -i "$instance_id"
    else
      errecho "The instance terminate failed."
      result=1
    fi
  fi

  if [ -n "$security_group_id" ]; then
    # bashsupport disable=BP2002
    if (ec2_delete_security_group -i "$security_group_id"); then
      echo "Deleted security group with ID $security_group_id"
    else
      errecho "The security group delete failed."
      result=1
    fi
  fi

  if [ -n "$key_pair_name" ]; then
    # bashsupport disable=BP2002
    if (ec2_delete_keypair -n "$key_pair_name"); then
      echo "Deleted key pair named $key_pair_name"
    else
      errecho "The key pair delete failed."
      result=1
    fi
  fi

  if [ -n "$key_file_name" ]; then
    rm -f "$key_file_name"
  fi

  return $result
}

###############################################################################
# function ssm_get_parameters_by_path
#
# This function retrieves one or more parameters from the AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store
# by specifying a parameter path.
#
# Parameters:
#       -p parameter_path - The path of the parameter(s) to retrieve.
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ssm_get_parameters_by_path() {
  local parameter_path response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ssm_get_parameters_by_path"
    echo "Retrieves one or more parameters from the AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store by specifying a parameter path."
    echo "  -p parameter_path - The path of the parameter(s) to retrieve."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "p:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      p) parameter_path="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$parameter_path" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a parameter path with the -p parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ssm get-parameters-by-path \
    --path "$parameter_path" \
    --query "Parameters[*].[Name, Value]" \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log $?
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports get-parameters-by-path operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function print_instance_details
#
# This function prints the details of an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance.
#
# Parameters:
#       instance_details - The instance details in the format "InstanceId ImageId InstanceType KeyName VpcId PublicIpAddress State.Name".
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function print_instance_details() {
  local instance_details="$1"

  if [[ -z "${instance_details}" ]]; then
    echo "Error: Missing required instance details argument."
    return 1
  fi

  local instance_id image_id instance_type key_name vpc_id public_ip state
  instance_id=$(echo "${instance_details}" | awk '{print $1}')
  image_id=$(echo "${instance_details}" | awk '{print $2}')
  instance_type=$(echo "${instance_details}" | awk '{print $3}')
  key_name=$(echo "${instance_details}" | awk '{print $4}')
  vpc_id=$(echo "${instance_details}" | awk '{print $5}')
  public_ip=$(echo "${instance_details}" | awk '{print $6}')
  state=$(echo "${instance_details}" | awk '{print $7}')

  echo "    ID: ${instance_id}"
  echo "    Image ID: ${image_id}"
  echo "    Instance type: ${instance_type}"
  echo "    Key name: ${key_name}"
  echo "    VPC ID: ${vpc_id}"
  echo "    Public IP: ${public_ip}"
  echo "    State: ${state}"

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function connect_to_instance
#
# This function displays the public IP address of an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance and prompts the user to connect to the instance via SSH.
#
# Parameters:
#       $1 - The name of the key file used to connect to the instance.
#       $2 - The public IP address of the instance.
#
# Returns:
#       None
###############################################################################
function connect_to_instance() {
  local key_file_name="$1"
  local public_ip="$2"

  # Validate the input parameters
  if [[ -z "$key_file_name" ]]; then
    echo "ERROR: You must provide a key file name as the first argument." >&2
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$public_ip" ]]; then
    echo "ERROR: You must provide a public IP address as the second argument." >&2
    return 1
  fi

  # Display the public IP address and connection command
  echo "To connect, run the following command:"
  echo "    ssh -i ${key_file_name} ec2-user@${public_ip}"

  # Prompt the user to connect to the instance
  if yes_no_input "Do you want to connect now? (y/n) "; then
    echo "After you have connected, you can return to this example by typing 'exit'"
    ssh -i "${key_file_name}" ec2-user@"${public_ip}"
  fi
}

###############################################################################
# function get_input
#
# This function gets user input from the command line.
#
# Outputs:
#   User input to stdout.
#
# Returns:
#       0
###############################################################################
function get_input() {

  if [ -z "${mock_input+x}" ]; then
    read -r get_input_result
  else

    if [ "$mock_input_array_index" -lt ${#mock_input_array[@]} ]; then
      get_input_result="${mock_input_array[$mock_input_array_index]}"
      # bashsupport disable=BP2001
      # shellcheck disable=SC2206
      ((mock_input_array_index++))
      echo -n "$get_input_result"
    else
      echo "MOCK_INPUT_ARRAY has no more elements" 1>&2
      return 1
    fi
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function yes_no_input
#
# This function requests a yes/no answer from the user, following to a prompt.
#
# Parameters:
#       $1 - The prompt.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If yes.
#       1 - If no.
###############################################################################
function yes_no_input() {
  if [ -z "$1" ]; then
    echo "Internal error yes_no_input"
    return 1
  fi

  local index=0
  local response="N"
  while [[ $index -lt 10 ]]; do
    index=$((index + 1))
    echo -n "$1"
    if ! get_input; then
      return 1
    fi
    response=$(echo "$get_input_result" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
    if [ "$response" = "y" ] || [ "$response" = "n" ]; then
      break
    else
      echo -e "\nPlease enter or 'y' or 'n'."
    fi
  done

  echo

  if [ "$response" = "y" ]; then
    return 0
  else
    return 1
  fi
}

###############################################################################
# function integer_input
#
# This function prompts the user to enter an integer within a specified range
# and validates the input.
#
# Parameters:
#       $1 - The prompt message to display to the user.
#       $2 - The minimum value of the accepted range.
#       $3 - The maximum value of the accepted range.
#
# Returns:
#       The valid integer input from the user.
#       If the input is invalid or out of range, the function will continue
#       prompting the user until a valid input is provided.
###############################################################################
function integer_input() {
  local prompt="$1"
  local min_value="$2"
  local max_value="$3"
  local input=""

  while true; do
    # Display the prompt message and wait for user input
    echo -n "$prompt"

    if ! get_input; then
      return 1
    fi

    input="$get_input_result"

    # Check if the input is a valid integer
    if [[ "$input" =~ ^-?[0-9]+$ ]]; then
      # Check if the input is within the specified range
      if ((input >= min_value && input <= max_value)); then
        return 0
      else
        echo "Error: Input, $input, must be between $min_value and $max_value."
      fi
    else
      echo "Error: Invalid input- $input. Please enter an integer."
    fi
  done
}
###############################################################################
# function new_line_and_tab_to_list
#
# This function takes a string input containing newlines and tabs, and
# converts it into a list (array) of elements.
#
# Parameters:
#       $1 - The input string containing newlines and tabs.
#
# Returns:
#       The resulting list (array) is stored in the global variable
#       'list_result'.
###############################################################################
function new_line_and_tab_to_list() {
  local input=$1
  export list_result

  list_result=()
  mapfile -t lines <<<"$input"
  local line
  for line in "${lines[@]}"; do
    IFS=$'\t' read -ra parameters <<<"$line"
    list_result+=("${parameters[@]}")
  done
}

###############################################################################
# function echo_repeat
#
# This function prints a string 'n' times to stdout.
#
# Parameters:
#       $1 - The string.
#       $2 - Number of times to print the string.
#
# Outputs:
#   String 'n' times to stdout.
#
# Returns:
#       0
###############################################################################
function echo_repeat() {
  local end=$2
  for ((i = 0; i < end; i++)); do
    echo -n "$1"
  done
  echo
}

Fungsi DynamoDB yang digunakan dalam skenario ini.

###############################################################################
# function ec2_create_keypair
#
# This function creates an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) ED25519 or 2048-bit RSA key pair
# and writes it to a file.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n key_pair_name - A key pair name.
#       -f file_path - File to store the key pair.
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_create_keypair() {
  local key_pair_name file_path response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_create_keypair"
    echo "Creates an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) ED25519 or 2048-bit RSA key pair"
    echo " and writes it to a file."
    echo "  -n key_pair_name - A key pair name."
    echo "  -f file_path - File to store the key pair."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "n:f:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) key_pair_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      f) file_path="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$key_pair_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a key name with the -n parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$file_path" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a file path with the -f parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 create-key-pair \
    --key-name "$key_pair_name" \
    --query 'KeyMaterial' \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports create-access-key operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  if [[ -n "$file_path" ]]; then
    echo "$response" >"$file_path"
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_describe_key_pairs
#
# This function describes one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) key pairs.
#
# Parameters:
#       -h - Display help.
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_describe_key_pairs() {
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_describe_key_pairs"
    echo "Describes one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) key pairs."
    echo "  -h - Display help."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  local response

  response=$(aws ec2 describe-key-pairs \
    --query 'KeyPairs[*].[KeyName, KeyFingerprint]' \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports describe-key-pairs operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_create_security_group
#
# This function creates an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) security group.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n security_group_name - The name of the security group.
#       -d security_group_description - The description of the security group.
#
# Returns:
#       The ID of the created security group, or an error message if the operation fails.
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
#
###############################################################################
function ec2_create_security_group() {
  local security_group_name security_group_description response

  # Function to display usage information
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_create_security_group"
    echo "Creates an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) security group."
    echo "  -n security_group_name - The name of the security group."
    echo "  -d security_group_description - The description of the security group."
    echo ""
  }

  # Parse the command-line arguments
  while getopts "n:d:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) security_group_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      d) security_group_description="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  # Validate the input parameters
  if [[ -z "$security_group_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a security group name with the -n parameter."
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$security_group_description" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a security group description with the -d parameter."
    return 1
  fi

  # Create the security group
  response=$(aws ec2 create-security-group \
    --group-name "$security_group_name" \
    --description "$security_group_description" \
    --query "GroupId" \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports create-security-group operation failed."
    errecho "$response"
    return 1
  }

  echo "$response"
  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_describe_security_groups
#
# This function describes one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) security groups.
#
# Parameters:
#       -g security_group_id - The ID of the security group to describe (optional).
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_describe_security_groups() {
  local security_group_id response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_describe_security_groups"
    echo "Describes one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) security groups."
    echo "  -g security_group_id - The ID of the security group to describe (optional)."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "g:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      g) security_group_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  local query="SecurityGroups[*].[GroupName, GroupId, VpcId, IpPermissions[*].[IpProtocol, FromPort, ToPort, IpRanges[*].CidrIp]]"

  if [[ -n "$security_group_id" ]]; then
    response=$(aws ec2 describe-security-groups --group-ids "$security_group_id" --query "${query}" --output text)
  else
    response=$(aws ec2 describe-security-groups --query "${query}" --output text)
  fi

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports describe-security-groups operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  fi

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_authorize_security_group_ingress
#
# This function authorizes an ingress rule for an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) security group.
#
# Parameters:
#       -g security_group_id - The ID of the security group.
#       -i ip_address - The IP address or CIDR block to authorize.
#       -p protocol - The protocol to authorize (e.g., tcp, udp, icmp).
#       -f from_port - The start of the port range to authorize.
#       -t to_port - The end of the port range to authorize.
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_authorize_security_group_ingress() {
  local security_group_id ip_address protocol from_port to_port response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_authorize_security_group_ingress"
    echo "Authorizes an ingress rule for an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) security group."
    echo "  -g security_group_id - The ID of the security group."
    echo "  -i ip_address - The IP address or CIDR block to authorize."
    echo "  -p protocol - The protocol to authorize (e.g., tcp, udp, icmp)."
    echo "  -f from_port - The start of the port range to authorize."
    echo "  -t to_port - The end of the port range to authorize."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "g:i:p:f:t:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      g) security_group_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      i) ip_address="${OPTARG}" ;;
      p) protocol="${OPTARG}" ;;
      f) from_port="${OPTARG}" ;;
      t) to_port="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$security_group_id" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a security group ID with the -g parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$ip_address" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an IP address or CIDR block with the -i parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$protocol" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a protocol with the -p parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$from_port" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a start port with the -f parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$to_port" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an end port with the -t parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
    --group-id "$security_group_id" \
    --cidr "${ip_address}/32" \
    --protocol "$protocol" \
    --port "$from_port-$to_port" \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports authorize-security-group-ingress operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_describe_images
#
# This function describes one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) images.
#
# Parameters:
#       -i image_ids - A space-separated  list of image IDs (optional).
#       -h - Display help.
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_describe_images() {
  local image_ids response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_describe_images"
    echo "Describes one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) images."
    echo "  -i image_ids - A space-separated list of image IDs (optional)."
    echo "  -h - Display help."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "i:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      i) image_ids="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  local aws_cli_args=()

  if [[ -n "$image_ids" ]]; then
    # shellcheck disable=SC2206
    aws_cli_args+=("--image-ids" $image_ids)
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 describe-images \
    "${aws_cli_args[@]}" \
    --query 'Images[*].[Description,Architecture,ImageId]' \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports describe-images operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# ec2_describe_instance_types
#
# This function describes EC2 instance types filtered by processor architecture
# and optionally by instance type. It takes the following arguments:
#
# -a, --architecture ARCHITECTURE  Specify the processor architecture (e.g., x86_64)
# -t, --type INSTANCE_TYPE         Comma-separated list of instance types (e.g., t2.micro)
# -h, --help                       Show the usage help
#
# The function prints the instance type and supported architecture for each
# matching instance type.
###############################################################################
function ec2_describe_instance_types() {
  local architecture=""
  local instance_types=""

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "Usage: ec2_describe_instance_types [-a|--architecture ARCHITECTURE] [-t|--type INSTANCE_TYPE] [-h|--help]"
    echo "  -a, --architecture ARCHITECTURE  Specify the processor architecture (e.g., x86_64)"
    echo "  -t, --type INSTANCE_TYPE         Comma-separated list of instance types (e.g., t2.micro)"
    echo "  -h, --help                       Show this help message"
  }

  while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
    case "$1" in
      -a | --architecture)
        architecture="$2"
        shift 2
        ;;
      -t | --type)
        instance_types="$2"
        shift 2
        ;;
      -h | --help)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      *)
        echo "Unknown argument: $1"
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done

  if [[ -z "$architecture" ]]; then
    errecho "Error: Architecture not specified."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$instance_types" ]]; then
    errecho "Error: Instance type not specified."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  local tmp_json_file="temp_ec2.json"
  echo -n '[
    {
      "Name": "processor-info.supported-architecture",
      "Values": [' >"$tmp_json_file"

  local items
  IFS=',' read -ra items <<<"$architecture"
  local array_size
  array_size=${#items[@]}
  for i in $(seq 0 $((array_size - 1))); do
    echo -n '"'"${items[$i]}"'"' >>"$tmp_json_file"
    if [[ $i -lt $((array_size - 1)) ]]; then
      echo -n ',' >>"$tmp_json_file"
    fi
  done
  echo -n ']},
    {
    "Name": "instance-type",
      "Values": [' >>"$tmp_json_file"
  IFS=',' read -ra items <<<"$instance_types"
  local array_size
  array_size=${#items[@]}
  for i in $(seq 0 $((array_size - 1))); do
    echo -n '"'"${items[$i]}"'"' >>"$tmp_json_file"
    if [[ $i -lt $((array_size - 1)) ]]; then
      echo -n ',' >>"$tmp_json_file"
    fi
  done

  echo -n ']}]' >>"$tmp_json_file"

  local response
  response=$(aws ec2 describe-instance-types --filters file://"$tmp_json_file" \
    --query 'InstanceTypes[*].[InstanceType]' --output text)

  local error_code=$?

  rm "$tmp_json_file"

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    echo "ERROR: AWS reports describe-instance-types operation failed."
    return 1
  fi

  echo "$response"
  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_run_instances
#
# This function launches one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances.
#
# Parameters:
#       -i image_id - The ID of the Amazon Machine Image (AMI) to use.
#       -t instance_type - The instance type to use (e.g., t2.micro).
#       -k key_pair_name - The name of the key pair to use.
#       -s security_group_id - The ID of the security group to use.
#       -c count - The number of instances to launch (default: 1).
#       -h - Display help.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_run_instances() {
  local image_id instance_type key_pair_name security_group_id count response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_run_instances"
    echo "Launches one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances."
    echo "  -i image_id - The ID of the Amazon Machine Image (AMI) to use."
    echo "  -t instance_type - The instance type to use (e.g., t2.micro)."
    echo "  -k key_pair_name - The name of the key pair to use."
    echo "  -s security_group_id - The ID of the security group to use."
    echo "  -c count - The number of instances to launch (default: 1)."
    echo "  -h - Display help."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "i:t:k:s:c:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      i) image_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      t) instance_type="${OPTARG}" ;;
      k) key_pair_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      s) security_group_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      c) count="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$image_id" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) ID with the -i parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$instance_type" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an instance type with the -t parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$key_pair_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a key pair name with the -k parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$security_group_id" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a security group ID with the -s parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$count" ]]; then
    count=1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 run-instances \
    --image-id "$image_id" \
    --instance-type "$instance_type" \
    --key-name "$key_pair_name" \
    --security-group-ids "$security_group_id" \
    --count "$count" \
    --query 'Instances[*].[InstanceId]' \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports run-instances operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_describe_instances
#
# This function describes one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances.
#
# Parameters:
#       -i instance_id - The ID of the instance to describe (optional).
#       -q query - The query to filter the response (optional).
#       -h - Display help.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_describe_instances() {
  local instance_id query response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_describe_instances"
    echo "Describes one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances."
    echo "  -i instance_id - The ID of the instance to describe (optional)."
    echo "  -q query - The query to filter the response (optional)."
    echo "  -h - Display help."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "i:q:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      i) instance_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      q) query="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  local aws_cli_args=()

  if [[ -n "$instance_id" ]]; then
    # shellcheck disable=SC2206
    aws_cli_args+=("--instance-ids" $instance_id)
  fi

  local query_arg=""
  if [[ -n "$query" ]]; then
    query_arg="--query '$query'"
  else
    query_arg="--query Reservations[*].Instances[*].[InstanceId,ImageId,InstanceType,KeyName,VpcId,PublicIpAddress,State.Name]"
  fi

  # shellcheck disable=SC2086
  response=$(aws ec2 describe-instances \
    "${aws_cli_args[@]}" \
    $query_arg \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports describe-instances operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_stop_instances
#
# This function stops one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances.
#
# Parameters:
#       -i instance_id - The ID(s) of the instance(s) to stop (comma-separated).
#       -h - Display help.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_stop_instances() {
  local instance_ids
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_stop_instances"
    echo "Stops one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances."
    echo "  -i instance_id - The ID(s) of the instance(s) to stop (comma-separated)."
    echo "  -h - Display help."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "i:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      i) instance_ids="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$instance_ids" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide one or more instance IDs with the -i parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 stop-instances \
    --instance-ids "${instance_ids}") || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports stop-instances operation failed with $response."
    return 1
  }

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_start_instances
#
# This function starts one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances.
#
# Parameters:
#       -i instance_id - The ID(s) of the instance(s) to start (comma-separated).
#       -h - Display help.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_start_instances() {
  local instance_ids
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_start_instances"
    echo "Starts one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances."
    echo "  -i instance_id - The ID(s) of the instance(s) to start (comma-separated)."
    echo "  -h - Display help."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "i:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      i) instance_ids="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$instance_ids" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide one or more instance IDs with the -i parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 start-instances \
    --instance-ids "${instance_ids}") || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports start-instances operation failed with $response."
    return 1
  }

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_allocate_address
#
# This function allocates an Elastic IP address for use with Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances in a specific AWS Region.
#
# Parameters:
#       -d domain - The domain for the Elastic IP address (either 'vpc' or 'standard').
#
# Returns:
#       The allocated Elastic IP address, or an error message if the operation fails.
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
#
###############################################################################
function ec2_allocate_address() {
  local domain response

  # Function to display usage information
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_allocate_address"
    echo "Allocates an Elastic IP address for use with Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances in a specific AWS Region."
    echo "  -d domain - The domain for the Elastic IP address (either 'vpc' or 'standard')."
    echo ""
  }

  # Parse the command-line arguments
  while getopts "d:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      d) domain="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  # Validate the input parameters
  if [[ -z "$domain" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a domain with the -d parameter (either 'vpc' or 'standard')."
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ "$domain" != "vpc" && "$domain" != "standard" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: Invalid domain value. Must be either 'vpc' or 'standard'."
    return 1
  fi

  # Allocate the Elastic IP address
  response=$(aws ec2 allocate-address \
    --domain "$domain" \
    --query "[PublicIp,AllocationId]" \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports allocate-address operation failed."
    errecho "$response"
    return 1
  }

  echo "$response"
  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_associate_address
#
# This function associates an Elastic IP address with an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance.
#
# Parameters:
#       -a allocation_id - The allocation ID of the Elastic IP address to associate.
#       -i instance_id - The ID of the EC2 instance to associate the Elastic IP address with.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
#
###############################################################################
function ec2_associate_address() {
  local allocation_id instance_id response

  # Function to display usage information
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_associate_address"
    echo "Associates an Elastic IP address with an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance."
    echo "  -a allocation_id - The allocation ID of the Elastic IP address to associate."
    echo "  -i instance_id - The ID of the EC2 instance to associate the Elastic IP address with."
    echo ""
  }

  # Parse the command-line arguments
  while getopts "a:i:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      a) allocation_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      i) instance_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  # Validate the input parameters
  if [[ -z "$allocation_id" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an allocation ID with the -a parameter."
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$instance_id" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an instance ID with the -i parameter."
    return 1
  fi

  # Associate the Elastic IP address
  response=$(aws ec2 associate-address \
    --allocation-id "$allocation_id" \
    --instance-id "$instance_id" \
    --query "AssociationId" \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports associate-address operation failed."
    errecho "$response"
    return 1
  }

  echo "$response"
  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_disassociate_address
#
# This function disassociates an Elastic IP address from an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance.
#
# Parameters:
#       -a association_id - The association ID that represents the association of the Elastic IP address with an instance.
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
#
###############################################################################
function ec2_disassociate_address() {
  local association_id response

  # Function to display usage information
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_disassociate_address"
    echo "Disassociates an Elastic IP address from an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance."
    echo "  -a association_id - The association ID that represents the association of the Elastic IP address with an instance."
    echo ""
  }

  # Parse the command-line arguments
  while getopts "a:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      a) association_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  # Validate the input parameters
  if [[ -z "$association_id" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an association ID with the -a parameter."
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 disassociate-address \
    --association-id "$association_id") || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports disassociate-address operation failed."
    errecho "$response"
    return 1
  }

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_release_address
#
# This function releases an Elastic IP address from an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance.
#
# Parameters:
#       -a allocation_id - The allocation ID of the Elastic IP address to release.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
#
###############################################################################
function ec2_release_address() {
  local allocation_id response

  # Function to display usage information
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_release_address"
    echo "Releases an Elastic IP address from an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance."
    echo "  -a allocation_id - The allocation ID of the Elastic IP address to release."
    echo ""
  }

  # Parse the command-line arguments
  while getopts "a:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      a) allocation_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  # Validate the input parameters
  if [[ -z "$allocation_id" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an allocation ID with the -a parameter."
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 release-address \
    --allocation-id "$allocation_id") || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports release-address operation failed."
    errecho "$response"
    return 1
  }

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_terminate_instances
#
# This function terminates one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2)
# instances using the AWS CLI.
#
# Parameters:
#       -i instance_ids - A space-separated list of instance IDs.
#       -h - Display help.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_terminate_instances() {
  local instance_ids response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_terminate_instances"
    echo "Terminates one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances."
    echo "  -i instance_ids - A space-separated list of instance IDs."
    echo "  -h - Display help."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "i:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      i) instance_ids="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  # Check if instance ID is provided
  if [[ -z "${instance_ids}" ]]; then
    echo "Error: Missing required instance IDs parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  # shellcheck disable=SC2086
  response=$(aws ec2 terminate-instances \
    "--instance-ids" $instance_ids \
    --query 'TerminatingInstances[*].[InstanceId,CurrentState.Name]' \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports terminate-instances operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_delete_security_group
#
# This function deletes an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) security group.
#
# Parameters:
#       -i security_group_id - The ID of the security group to delete.
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_delete_security_group() {
  local security_group_id response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_delete_security_group"
    echo "Deletes an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) security group."
    echo "  -i security_group_id - The ID of the security group to delete."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "i:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      i) security_group_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$security_group_id" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a security group ID with the -i parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 delete-security-group --group-id "$security_group_id" --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports delete-security-group operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_delete_keypair
#
# This function deletes an Amazon EC2 ED25519 or 2048-bit RSA key pair.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n key_pair_name - A key pair name.
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_delete_keypair() {
  local key_pair_name response

  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.
  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_delete_keypair"
    echo "Deletes an Amazon EC2 ED25519 or 2048-bit RSA key pair."
    echo "  -n key_pair_name - A key pair name."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "n:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) key_pair_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$key_pair_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a key pair name with the -n parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 delete-key-pair \
    --key-name "$key_pair_name") || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports delete-key-pair operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam skenario ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_allocate_address
#
# This function allocates an Elastic IP address for use with Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances in a specific AWS Region.
#
# Parameters:
#       -d domain - The domain for the Elastic IP address (either 'vpc' or 'standard').
#
# Returns:
#       The allocated Elastic IP address, or an error message if the operation fails.
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
#
###############################################################################
function ec2_allocate_address() {
  local domain response

  # Function to display usage information
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_allocate_address"
    echo "Allocates an Elastic IP address for use with Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances in a specific AWS Region."
    echo "  -d domain - The domain for the Elastic IP address (either 'vpc' or 'standard')."
    echo ""
  }

  # Parse the command-line arguments
  while getopts "d:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      d) domain="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  # Validate the input parameters
  if [[ -z "$domain" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a domain with the -d parameter (either 'vpc' or 'standard')."
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ "$domain" != "vpc" && "$domain" != "standard" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: Invalid domain value. Must be either 'vpc' or 'standard'."
    return 1
  fi

  # Allocate the Elastic IP address
  response=$(aws ec2 allocate-address \
    --domain "$domain" \
    --query "[PublicIp,AllocationId]" \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports allocate-address operation failed."
    errecho "$response"
    return 1
  }

  echo "$response"
  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_associate_address
#
# This function associates an Elastic IP address with an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance.
#
# Parameters:
#       -a allocation_id - The allocation ID of the Elastic IP address to associate.
#       -i instance_id - The ID of the EC2 instance to associate the Elastic IP address with.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
#
###############################################################################
function ec2_associate_address() {
  local allocation_id instance_id response

  # Function to display usage information
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_associate_address"
    echo "Associates an Elastic IP address with an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance."
    echo "  -a allocation_id - The allocation ID of the Elastic IP address to associate."
    echo "  -i instance_id - The ID of the EC2 instance to associate the Elastic IP address with."
    echo ""
  }

  # Parse the command-line arguments
  while getopts "a:i:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      a) allocation_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      i) instance_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  # Validate the input parameters
  if [[ -z "$allocation_id" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an allocation ID with the -a parameter."
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$instance_id" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an instance ID with the -i parameter."
    return 1
  fi

  # Associate the Elastic IP address
  response=$(aws ec2 associate-address \
    --allocation-id "$allocation_id" \
    --instance-id "$instance_id" \
    --query "AssociationId" \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports associate-address operation failed."
    errecho "$response"
    return 1
  }

  echo "$response"
  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_authorize_security_group_ingress
#
# This function authorizes an ingress rule for an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) security group.
#
# Parameters:
#       -g security_group_id - The ID of the security group.
#       -i ip_address - The IP address or CIDR block to authorize.
#       -p protocol - The protocol to authorize (e.g., tcp, udp, icmp).
#       -f from_port - The start of the port range to authorize.
#       -t to_port - The end of the port range to authorize.
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_authorize_security_group_ingress() {
  local security_group_id ip_address protocol from_port to_port response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_authorize_security_group_ingress"
    echo "Authorizes an ingress rule for an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) security group."
    echo "  -g security_group_id - The ID of the security group."
    echo "  -i ip_address - The IP address or CIDR block to authorize."
    echo "  -p protocol - The protocol to authorize (e.g., tcp, udp, icmp)."
    echo "  -f from_port - The start of the port range to authorize."
    echo "  -t to_port - The end of the port range to authorize."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "g:i:p:f:t:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      g) security_group_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      i) ip_address="${OPTARG}" ;;
      p) protocol="${OPTARG}" ;;
      f) from_port="${OPTARG}" ;;
      t) to_port="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$security_group_id" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a security group ID with the -g parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$ip_address" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an IP address or CIDR block with the -i parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$protocol" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a protocol with the -p parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$from_port" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a start port with the -f parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$to_port" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an end port with the -t parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
    --group-id "$security_group_id" \
    --cidr "${ip_address}/32" \
    --protocol "$protocol" \
    --port "$from_port-$to_port" \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports authorize-security-group-ingress operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_create_keypair
#
# This function creates an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) ED25519 or 2048-bit RSA key pair
# and writes it to a file.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n key_pair_name - A key pair name.
#       -f file_path - File to store the key pair.
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_create_keypair() {
  local key_pair_name file_path response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_create_keypair"
    echo "Creates an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) ED25519 or 2048-bit RSA key pair"
    echo " and writes it to a file."
    echo "  -n key_pair_name - A key pair name."
    echo "  -f file_path - File to store the key pair."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "n:f:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) key_pair_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      f) file_path="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$key_pair_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a key name with the -n parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$file_path" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a file path with the -f parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 create-key-pair \
    --key-name "$key_pair_name" \
    --query 'KeyMaterial' \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports create-access-key operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  if [[ -n "$file_path" ]]; then
    echo "$response" >"$file_path"
  fi

  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_create_security_group
#
# This function creates an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) security group.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n security_group_name - The name of the security group.
#       -d security_group_description - The description of the security group.
#
# Returns:
#       The ID of the created security group, or an error message if the operation fails.
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
#
###############################################################################
function ec2_create_security_group() {
  local security_group_name security_group_description response

  # Function to display usage information
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_create_security_group"
    echo "Creates an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) security group."
    echo "  -n security_group_name - The name of the security group."
    echo "  -d security_group_description - The description of the security group."
    echo ""
  }

  # Parse the command-line arguments
  while getopts "n:d:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) security_group_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      d) security_group_description="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  # Validate the input parameters
  if [[ -z "$security_group_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a security group name with the -n parameter."
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$security_group_description" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a security group description with the -d parameter."
    return 1
  fi

  # Create the security group
  response=$(aws ec2 create-security-group \
    --group-name "$security_group_name" \
    --description "$security_group_description" \
    --query "GroupId" \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports create-security-group operation failed."
    errecho "$response"
    return 1
  }

  echo "$response"
  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_delete_keypair
#
# This function deletes an Amazon EC2 ED25519 or 2048-bit RSA key pair.
#
# Parameters:
#       -n key_pair_name - A key pair name.
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_delete_keypair() {
  local key_pair_name response

  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.
  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_delete_keypair"
    echo "Deletes an Amazon EC2 ED25519 or 2048-bit RSA key pair."
    echo "  -n key_pair_name - A key pair name."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "n:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      n) key_pair_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$key_pair_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a key pair name with the -n parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 delete-key-pair \
    --key-name "$key_pair_name") || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports delete-key-pair operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_delete_security_group
#
# This function deletes an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) security group.
#
# Parameters:
#       -i security_group_id - The ID of the security group to delete.
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_delete_security_group() {
  local security_group_id response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_delete_security_group"
    echo "Deletes an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) security group."
    echo "  -i security_group_id - The ID of the security group to delete."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "i:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      i) security_group_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$security_group_id" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a security group ID with the -i parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 delete-security-group --group-id "$security_group_id" --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports delete-security-group operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_describe_images
#
# This function describes one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) images.
#
# Parameters:
#       -i image_ids - A space-separated  list of image IDs (optional).
#       -h - Display help.
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_describe_images() {
  local image_ids response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_describe_images"
    echo "Describes one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) images."
    echo "  -i image_ids - A space-separated list of image IDs (optional)."
    echo "  -h - Display help."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "i:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      i) image_ids="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  local aws_cli_args=()

  if [[ -n "$image_ids" ]]; then
    # shellcheck disable=SC2206
    aws_cli_args+=("--image-ids" $image_ids)
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 describe-images \
    "${aws_cli_args[@]}" \
    --query 'Images[*].[Description,Architecture,ImageId]' \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports describe-images operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# ec2_describe_instance_types
#
# This function describes EC2 instance types filtered by processor architecture
# and optionally by instance type. It takes the following arguments:
#
# -a, --architecture ARCHITECTURE  Specify the processor architecture (e.g., x86_64)
# -t, --type INSTANCE_TYPE         Comma-separated list of instance types (e.g., t2.micro)
# -h, --help                       Show the usage help
#
# The function prints the instance type and supported architecture for each
# matching instance type.
###############################################################################
function ec2_describe_instance_types() {
  local architecture=""
  local instance_types=""

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "Usage: ec2_describe_instance_types [-a|--architecture ARCHITECTURE] [-t|--type INSTANCE_TYPE] [-h|--help]"
    echo "  -a, --architecture ARCHITECTURE  Specify the processor architecture (e.g., x86_64)"
    echo "  -t, --type INSTANCE_TYPE         Comma-separated list of instance types (e.g., t2.micro)"
    echo "  -h, --help                       Show this help message"
  }

  while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
    case "$1" in
      -a | --architecture)
        architecture="$2"
        shift 2
        ;;
      -t | --type)
        instance_types="$2"
        shift 2
        ;;
      -h | --help)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      *)
        echo "Unknown argument: $1"
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done

  if [[ -z "$architecture" ]]; then
    errecho "Error: Architecture not specified."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$instance_types" ]]; then
    errecho "Error: Instance type not specified."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  local tmp_json_file="temp_ec2.json"
  echo -n '[
    {
      "Name": "processor-info.supported-architecture",
      "Values": [' >"$tmp_json_file"

  local items
  IFS=',' read -ra items <<<"$architecture"
  local array_size
  array_size=${#items[@]}
  for i in $(seq 0 $((array_size - 1))); do
    echo -n '"'"${items[$i]}"'"' >>"$tmp_json_file"
    if [[ $i -lt $((array_size - 1)) ]]; then
      echo -n ',' >>"$tmp_json_file"
    fi
  done
  echo -n ']},
    {
    "Name": "instance-type",
      "Values": [' >>"$tmp_json_file"
  IFS=',' read -ra items <<<"$instance_types"
  local array_size
  array_size=${#items[@]}
  for i in $(seq 0 $((array_size - 1))); do
    echo -n '"'"${items[$i]}"'"' >>"$tmp_json_file"
    if [[ $i -lt $((array_size - 1)) ]]; then
      echo -n ',' >>"$tmp_json_file"
    fi
  done

  echo -n ']}]' >>"$tmp_json_file"

  local response
  response=$(aws ec2 describe-instance-types --filters file://"$tmp_json_file" \
    --query 'InstanceTypes[*].[InstanceType]' --output text)

  local error_code=$?

  rm "$tmp_json_file"

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    echo "ERROR: AWS reports describe-instance-types operation failed."
    return 1
  fi

  echo "$response"
  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_describe_instances
#
# This function describes one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances.
#
# Parameters:
#       -i instance_id - The ID of the instance to describe (optional).
#       -q query - The query to filter the response (optional).
#       -h - Display help.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_describe_instances() {
  local instance_id query response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_describe_instances"
    echo "Describes one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances."
    echo "  -i instance_id - The ID of the instance to describe (optional)."
    echo "  -q query - The query to filter the response (optional)."
    echo "  -h - Display help."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "i:q:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      i) instance_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      q) query="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  local aws_cli_args=()

  if [[ -n "$instance_id" ]]; then
    # shellcheck disable=SC2206
    aws_cli_args+=("--instance-ids" $instance_id)
  fi

  local query_arg=""
  if [[ -n "$query" ]]; then
    query_arg="--query '$query'"
  else
    query_arg="--query Reservations[*].Instances[*].[InstanceId,ImageId,InstanceType,KeyName,VpcId,PublicIpAddress,State.Name]"
  fi

  # shellcheck disable=SC2086
  response=$(aws ec2 describe-instances \
    "${aws_cli_args[@]}" \
    $query_arg \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports describe-instances operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_describe_key_pairs
#
# This function describes one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) key pairs.
#
# Parameters:
#       -h - Display help.
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_describe_key_pairs() {
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_describe_key_pairs"
    echo "Describes one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) key pairs."
    echo "  -h - Display help."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  local response

  response=$(aws ec2 describe-key-pairs \
    --query 'KeyPairs[*].[KeyName, KeyFingerprint]' \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports describe-key-pairs operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_describe_security_groups
#
# This function describes one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) security groups.
#
# Parameters:
#       -g security_group_id - The ID of the security group to describe (optional).
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_describe_security_groups() {
  local security_group_id response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_describe_security_groups"
    echo "Describes one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) security groups."
    echo "  -g security_group_id - The ID of the security group to describe (optional)."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "g:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      g) security_group_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  local query="SecurityGroups[*].[GroupName, GroupId, VpcId, IpPermissions[*].[IpProtocol, FromPort, ToPort, IpRanges[*].CidrIp]]"

  if [[ -n "$security_group_id" ]]; then
    response=$(aws ec2 describe-security-groups --group-ids "$security_group_id" --query "${query}" --output text)
  else
    response=$(aws ec2 describe-security-groups --query "${query}" --output text)
  fi

  local error_code=${?}

  if [[ $error_code -ne 0 ]]; then
    aws_cli_error_log $error_code
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports describe-security-groups operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  fi

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_disassociate_address
#
# This function disassociates an Elastic IP address from an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance.
#
# Parameters:
#       -a association_id - The association ID that represents the association of the Elastic IP address with an instance.
#
# And:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
#
###############################################################################
function ec2_disassociate_address() {
  local association_id response

  # Function to display usage information
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_disassociate_address"
    echo "Disassociates an Elastic IP address from an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance."
    echo "  -a association_id - The association ID that represents the association of the Elastic IP address with an instance."
    echo ""
  }

  # Parse the command-line arguments
  while getopts "a:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      a) association_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  # Validate the input parameters
  if [[ -z "$association_id" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an association ID with the -a parameter."
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 disassociate-address \
    --association-id "$association_id") || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports disassociate-address operation failed."
    errecho "$response"
    return 1
  }

  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_release_address
#
# This function releases an Elastic IP address from an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance.
#
# Parameters:
#       -a allocation_id - The allocation ID of the Elastic IP address to release.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
#
###############################################################################
function ec2_release_address() {
  local allocation_id response

  # Function to display usage information
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_release_address"
    echo "Releases an Elastic IP address from an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance."
    echo "  -a allocation_id - The allocation ID of the Elastic IP address to release."
    echo ""
  }

  # Parse the command-line arguments
  while getopts "a:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      a) allocation_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  # Validate the input parameters
  if [[ -z "$allocation_id" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an allocation ID with the -a parameter."
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 release-address \
    --allocation-id "$allocation_id") || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports release-address operation failed."
    errecho "$response"
    return 1
  }

  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_run_instances
#
# This function launches one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances.
#
# Parameters:
#       -i image_id - The ID of the Amazon Machine Image (AMI) to use.
#       -t instance_type - The instance type to use (e.g., t2.micro).
#       -k key_pair_name - The name of the key pair to use.
#       -s security_group_id - The ID of the security group to use.
#       -c count - The number of instances to launch (default: 1).
#       -h - Display help.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_run_instances() {
  local image_id instance_type key_pair_name security_group_id count response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_run_instances"
    echo "Launches one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances."
    echo "  -i image_id - The ID of the Amazon Machine Image (AMI) to use."
    echo "  -t instance_type - The instance type to use (e.g., t2.micro)."
    echo "  -k key_pair_name - The name of the key pair to use."
    echo "  -s security_group_id - The ID of the security group to use."
    echo "  -c count - The number of instances to launch (default: 1)."
    echo "  -h - Display help."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "i:t:k:s:c:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      i) image_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      t) instance_type="${OPTARG}" ;;
      k) key_pair_name="${OPTARG}" ;;
      s) security_group_id="${OPTARG}" ;;
      c) count="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$image_id" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) ID with the -i parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$instance_type" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide an instance type with the -t parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$key_pair_name" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a key pair name with the -k parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$security_group_id" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide a security group ID with the -s parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  if [[ -z "$count" ]]; then
    count=1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 run-instances \
    --image-id "$image_id" \
    --instance-type "$instance_type" \
    --key-name "$key_pair_name" \
    --security-group-ids "$security_group_id" \
    --count "$count" \
    --query 'Instances[*].[InstanceId]' \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports run-instances operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  echo "$response"

  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_start_instances
#
# This function starts one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances.
#
# Parameters:
#       -i instance_id - The ID(s) of the instance(s) to start (comma-separated).
#       -h - Display help.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_start_instances() {
  local instance_ids
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_start_instances"
    echo "Starts one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances."
    echo "  -i instance_id - The ID(s) of the instance(s) to start (comma-separated)."
    echo "  -h - Display help."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "i:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      i) instance_ids="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$instance_ids" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide one or more instance IDs with the -i parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 start-instances \
    --instance-ids "${instance_ids}") || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports start-instances operation failed with $response."
    return 1
  }

  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_stop_instances
#
# This function stops one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances.
#
# Parameters:
#       -i instance_id - The ID(s) of the instance(s) to stop (comma-separated).
#       -h - Display help.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_stop_instances() {
  local instance_ids
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_stop_instances"
    echo "Stops one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances."
    echo "  -i instance_id - The ID(s) of the instance(s) to stop (comma-separated)."
    echo "  -h - Display help."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "i:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      i) instance_ids="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  if [[ -z "$instance_ids" ]]; then
    errecho "ERROR: You must provide one or more instance IDs with the -i parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  response=$(aws ec2 stop-instances \
    --instance-ids "${instance_ids}") || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports stop-instances operation failed with $response."
    return 1
  }

  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}

###############################################################################
# function ec2_terminate_instances
#
# This function terminates one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2)
# instances using the AWS CLI.
#
# Parameters:
#       -i instance_ids - A space-separated list of instance IDs.
#       -h - Display help.
#
# Returns:
#       0 - If successful.
#       1 - If it fails.
###############################################################################
function ec2_terminate_instances() {
  local instance_ids response
  local option OPTARG # Required to use getopts command in a function.

  # bashsupport disable=BP5008
  function usage() {
    echo "function ec2_terminate_instances"
    echo "Terminates one or more Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances."
    echo "  -i instance_ids - A space-separated list of instance IDs."
    echo "  -h - Display help."
    echo ""
  }

  # Retrieve the calling parameters.
  while getopts "i:h" option; do
    case "${option}" in
      i) instance_ids="${OPTARG}" ;;
      h)
        usage
        return 0
        ;;
      \?)
        echo "Invalid parameter"
        usage
        return 1
        ;;
    esac
  done
  export OPTIND=1

  # Check if instance ID is provided
  if [[ -z "${instance_ids}" ]]; then
    echo "Error: Missing required instance IDs parameter."
    usage
    return 1
  fi

  # shellcheck disable=SC2086
  response=$(aws ec2 terminate-instances \
    "--instance-ids" $instance_ids \
    --query 'TerminatingInstances[*].[InstanceId,CurrentState.Name]' \
    --output text) || {
    aws_cli_error_log ${?}
    errecho "ERROR: AWS reports terminate-instances operation failed.$response"
    return 1
  }

  return 0
}

Fungsi utilitas yang digunakan dalam contoh ini.

###############################################################################
# function errecho
#
# This function outputs everything sent to it to STDERR (standard error output).
###############################################################################
function errecho() {
  printf "%s\n" "$*" 1>&2
}

##############################################################################
# function aws_cli_error_log()
#
# This function is used to log the error messages from the AWS CLI.
#
# The function expects the following argument:
#         $1 - The error code returned by the AWS CLI.
#
#  Returns:
#          0: - Success.
#
##############################################################################
function aws_cli_error_log() {
  local err_code=$1
  errecho "Error code : $err_code"
  if [ "$err_code" == 1 ]; then
    errecho "  One or more S3 transfers failed."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 2 ]; then
    errecho "  Command line failed to parse."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 130 ]; then
    errecho "  Process received SIGINT."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 252 ]; then
    errecho "  Command syntax invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 253 ]; then
    errecho "  The system environment or configuration was invalid."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 254 ]; then
    errecho "  The service returned an error."
  elif [ "$err_code" == 255 ]; then
    errecho "  255 is a catch-all error."
  fi

  return 0
}