Contoh Amazon Redshift menggunakan SDK untuk Java 2.x - AWS SDK for Java 2.x
TindakanSkenario

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Contoh Amazon Redshift menggunakan SDK untuk Java 2.x

Contoh kode berikut menunjukkan cara melakukan tindakan dan mengimplementasikan skenario umum dengan menggunakan AWS SDK for Java 2.x with Amazon Redshift.

Tindakan adalah kutipan kode dari program yang lebih besar dan harus dijalankan dalam konteks. Meskipun tindakan menunjukkan cara memanggil fungsi layanan individual, Anda dapat melihat tindakan dalam konteks pada skenario terkait dan contoh lintas layanan.

Skenario adalah contoh kode yang menunjukkan cara menyelesaikan tugas tertentu dengan memanggil beberapa fungsi dalam layanan yang sama.

Setiap contoh menyertakan tautan ke GitHub, di mana Anda dapat menemukan petunjuk tentang cara mengatur dan menjalankan kode dalam konteks.

Memulai

Contoh kode berikut menunjukkan cara memulai menggunakan Amazon Redshift.

SDKuntuk Java 2.x
catatan

Ada lebih banyak tentang GitHub. Temukan contoh lengkapnya dan pelajari cara mengatur dan menjalankannya di AWS Repositori Contoh Kode. 

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshift.RedshiftClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshift.paginators.DescribeClustersIterable;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 */
public class HelloRedshift {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        RedshiftClient redshiftClient = RedshiftClient.builder()
            .region(region)
            .build();

        listClustersPaginator(redshiftClient);
    }

    public static void listClustersPaginator(RedshiftClient redshiftClient) {
        DescribeClustersIterable clustersIterable = redshiftClient.describeClustersPaginator();
        clustersIterable.stream()
            .flatMap(r -> r.clusters().stream())
            .forEach(cluster -> System.out
                .println(" Cluster identifier: " + cluster.clusterIdentifier() + " status = " + cluster.clusterStatus()));
    }
}

  • Untuk API detailnya, lihat describeClustersdi AWS SDK for Java 2.x APIReferensi.

Tindakan

Contoh kode berikut menunjukkan cara menggunakanCreateCluster.

SDKuntuk Java 2.x
catatan

Ada lebih banyak tentang GitHub. Temukan contoh lengkapnya dan pelajari cara mengatur dan menjalankannya di AWS Repositori Contoh Kode.

Buat cluster.

    public static void createCluster(RedshiftClient redshiftClient, String clusterId, String masterUsername,
                                     String masterUserPassword) {
        try {
            CreateClusterRequest clusterRequest = CreateClusterRequest.builder()
                .clusterIdentifier(clusterId)
                .masterUsername(masterUsername)
                .masterUserPassword(masterUserPassword)
                .nodeType("ra3.4xlarge")
                .publiclyAccessible(true)
                .numberOfNodes(2)
                .build();

            CreateClusterResponse clusterResponse = redshiftClient.createCluster(clusterRequest);
            System.out.println("Created cluster " + clusterResponse.cluster().clusterIdentifier());

        } catch (RedshiftException e) {

            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

  • Untuk API detailnya, lihat CreateClusterdi AWS SDK for Java 2.x APIReferensi.

Contoh kode berikut menunjukkan cara menggunakanCreateTable.

SDKuntuk Java 2.x
catatan

Ada lebih banyak tentang GitHub. Temukan contoh lengkapnya dan pelajari cara mengatur dan menjalankannya di AWS Repositori Contoh Kode. 

    public static void createTable(RedshiftDataClient redshiftDataClient, String clusterId, String databaseName, String userName) {
        try {
            ExecuteStatementRequest createTableRequest = ExecuteStatementRequest.builder()
                .clusterIdentifier(clusterId)
                .dbUser(userName)
                .database(databaseName)
                .sql("CREATE TABLE Movies ("
                    + "id INT PRIMARY KEY, "
                    + "title VARCHAR(100), "
                    + "year INT)")
                .build();

            redshiftDataClient.executeStatement(createTableRequest);
            System.out.println("Table created: Movies");

        } catch (RedshiftDataException e) {
            System.err.println("Error creating table: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

  • Untuk API detailnya, lihat CreateTabledi AWS SDK for Java 2.x APIReferensi.

Contoh kode berikut menunjukkan cara menggunakanDeleteCluster.

SDKuntuk Java 2.x
catatan

Ada lebih banyak tentang GitHub. Temukan contoh lengkapnya dan pelajari cara mengatur dan menjalankannya di AWS Repositori Contoh Kode.

Hapus klaster .

    public static void deleteRedshiftCluster(RedshiftClient redshiftClient, String clusterId) {
        try {
            DeleteClusterRequest deleteClusterRequest = DeleteClusterRequest.builder()
                .clusterIdentifier(clusterId)
                .skipFinalClusterSnapshot(true)
                .build();

            DeleteClusterResponse response = redshiftClient.deleteCluster(deleteClusterRequest);
            System.out.println("The status is " + response.cluster().clusterStatus());

        } catch (RedshiftException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

  • Untuk API detailnya, lihat DeleteClusterdi AWS SDK for Java 2.x APIReferensi.

Contoh kode berikut menunjukkan cara menggunakanDescribeClusters.

SDKuntuk Java 2.x
catatan

Ada lebih banyak tentang GitHub. Temukan contoh lengkapnya dan pelajari cara mengatur dan menjalankannya di AWS Repositori Contoh Kode.

Jelaskan cluster.

    public static void waitForClusterReady(RedshiftClient redshiftClient, String clusterId) {
        boolean clusterReady = false;
        String clusterReadyStr;
        System.out.println("Waiting for cluster to become available. This may take a few mins.");
        try {
            DescribeClustersRequest clustersRequest = DescribeClustersRequest.builder()
                .clusterIdentifier(clusterId)
                .build();
            long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

            // Loop until the cluster is ready.
            while (!clusterReady) {
                DescribeClustersResponse clusterResponse = redshiftClient.describeClusters(clustersRequest);
                List<Cluster> clusterList = clusterResponse.clusters();
                for (Cluster cluster : clusterList) {
                    clusterReadyStr = cluster.clusterStatus();
                    if (clusterReadyStr.contains("available"))
                        clusterReady = true;
                    else {
                        long elapsedTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;
                        long elapsedSeconds = elapsedTimeMillis / 1000;
                        long minutes = elapsedSeconds / 60;
                        long seconds = elapsedSeconds % 60;

                        System.out.printf("Elapsed Time: %02d:%02d - Waiting for cluster... %n", minutes, seconds);
                        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5);
                    }
                }
            }

            long elapsedTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;
            long elapsedSeconds = elapsedTimeMillis / 1000;
            long minutes = elapsedSeconds / 60;
            long seconds = elapsedSeconds % 60;

            System.out.println(String.format("Cluster is available! Total Elapsed Time: %02d:%02d", minutes, seconds));

        } catch (RedshiftException | InterruptedException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

  • Untuk API detailnya, lihat DescribeClustersdi AWS SDK for Java 2.x APIReferensi.

Contoh kode berikut menunjukkan cara menggunakanDescribeStatement.

SDKuntuk Java 2.x
catatan

Ada lebih banyak tentang GitHub. Temukan contoh lengkapnya dan pelajari cara mengatur dan menjalankannya di AWS Repositori Contoh Kode. 

    public static void checkStatement(RedshiftDataClient redshiftDataClient, String sqlId) {
        try {
            DescribeStatementRequest statementRequest = DescribeStatementRequest.builder()
                .id(sqlId)
                .build();

            String status;
            while (true) {
                DescribeStatementResponse response = redshiftDataClient.describeStatement(statementRequest);
                status = response.statusAsString();
                System.out.println("..." + status);

                if (status.compareTo("FAILED") == 0 ) {
                    System.out.println("The Query Failed. Ending program");
                    System.exit(1);

                } else if (status.compareTo("FINISHED") == 0) {
                    break;
                }
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
            }

            System.out.println("The statement is finished!");

        } catch (RedshiftDataException | InterruptedException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

Contoh kode berikut menunjukkan cara menggunakanGetStatementResult.

SDKuntuk Java 2.x
catatan

Ada lebih banyak tentang GitHub. Temukan contoh lengkapnya dan pelajari cara mengatur dan menjalankannya di AWS Repositori Contoh Kode.

Periksa hasil pernyataan.

    public static void getResults(RedshiftDataClient redshiftDataClient, String statementId) {
        try {
            GetStatementResultRequest resultRequest = GetStatementResultRequest.builder()
                .id(statementId)
                .build();

            // Extract and print the field values using streams.
            GetStatementResultResponse response = redshiftDataClient.getStatementResult(resultRequest);
            response.records().stream()
                .flatMap(List::stream)
                .map(Field::stringValue)
                .filter(value -> value != null)
                .forEach(value -> System.out.println("The Movie title field is " + value));

        } catch (RedshiftDataException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

Contoh kode berikut menunjukkan cara menggunakanInsert.

SDKuntuk Java 2.x
catatan

Ada lebih banyak tentang GitHub. Temukan contoh lengkapnya dan pelajari cara mengatur dan menjalankannya di AWS Repositori Contoh Kode. 

    public static void popTable(RedshiftDataClient redshiftDataClient, String clusterId, String databaseName, String userName, String fileName, int number) throws IOException {
        JsonParser parser = new JsonFactory().createParser(new File(fileName));
        com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode rootNode = new ObjectMapper().readTree(parser);
        Iterator<JsonNode> iter = rootNode.iterator();
        ObjectNode currentNode;
        int t = 0;
        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            if (t == number)
                break;
            currentNode = (ObjectNode) iter.next();
            int year = currentNode.get("year").asInt();
            String title = currentNode.get("title").asText();

            // Use SqlParameter to avoid SQL injection.
            List<SqlParameter> parameterList = new ArrayList<>();
            String sqlStatement = "INSERT INTO Movies VALUES( :id , :title, :year);";

            // Create the parameters.
            SqlParameter idParam = SqlParameter.builder()
                .name("id")
                .value(String.valueOf(t))
                .build();

            SqlParameter titleParam= SqlParameter.builder()
                .name("title")
                .value(title)
                .build();

            SqlParameter yearParam = SqlParameter.builder()
                .name("year")
                .value(String.valueOf(year))
                .build();
            parameterList.add(idParam);
            parameterList.add(titleParam);
            parameterList.add(yearParam);

            try {
                ExecuteStatementRequest insertStatementRequest = ExecuteStatementRequest.builder()
                    .clusterIdentifier(clusterId)
                    .sql(sqlStatement)
                    .database(databaseName)
                    .dbUser(userName)
                    .parameters(parameterList)
                    .build();

                redshiftDataClient.executeStatement(insertStatementRequest);
                System.out.println("Inserted: " + title + " (" + year + ")");
                t++;

            } catch (RedshiftDataException e) {
                System.err.println("Error inserting data: " + e.getMessage());
                System.exit(1);
            }
        }
        System.out.println(t + " records were added to the Movies table. ");
    }

  • Untuk API detailnya, lihat Menyisipkan di AWS SDK for Java 2.x APIReferensi.

Contoh kode berikut menunjukkan cara menggunakanModifyCluster.

SDKuntuk Java 2.x
catatan

Ada lebih banyak tentang GitHub. Temukan contoh lengkapnya dan pelajari cara mengatur dan menjalankannya di AWS Repositori Contoh Kode.

Memodifikasi cluster.

    public static void modifyCluster(RedshiftClient redshiftClient, String clusterId) {
        try {
            ModifyClusterRequest modifyClusterRequest = ModifyClusterRequest.builder()
                .clusterIdentifier(clusterId)
                .preferredMaintenanceWindow("wed:07:30-wed:08:00")
                .build();

            ModifyClusterResponse clusterResponse = redshiftClient.modifyCluster(modifyClusterRequest);
            System.out.println("The modified cluster was successfully modified and has "
                + clusterResponse.cluster().preferredMaintenanceWindow() + " as the maintenance window");

        } catch (RedshiftException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

  • Untuk API detailnya, lihat ModifyClusterdi AWS SDK for Java 2.x APIReferensi.

Contoh kode berikut menunjukkan cara menggunakanQuery.

SDKuntuk Java 2.x
catatan

Ada lebih banyak tentang GitHub. Temukan contoh lengkapnya dan pelajari cara mengatur dan menjalankannya di AWS Repositori Contoh Kode.

Kueri tabel.

    public static String queryMoviesByYear(RedshiftDataClient redshiftDataClient,
                                           String database,
                                           String dbUser,
                                           int year,
                                           String clusterId) {

        try {
            String sqlStatement = " SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE year = :year";
            SqlParameter yearParam= SqlParameter.builder()
                .name("year")
                .value(String.valueOf(year))
                .build();

            ExecuteStatementRequest statementRequest = ExecuteStatementRequest.builder()
                .clusterIdentifier(clusterId)
                .database(database)
                .dbUser(dbUser)
                .parameters(yearParam)
                .sql(sqlStatement)
                .build();

            ExecuteStatementResponse response = redshiftDataClient.executeStatement(statementRequest);
            return response.id();

        } catch (RedshiftDataException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return "";
    }

  • Untuk API detailnya, lihat Kueri di AWS SDK for Java 2.x APIReferensi.

Skenario

Contoh kode berikut menunjukkan cara bekerja dengan tabel, item, dan kueri Amazon Redshift.

SDKuntuk Java 2.x
catatan

Ada lebih banyak tentang GitHub. Temukan contoh lengkapnya dan pelajari cara mengatur dan menjalankannya di AWS Repositori Contoh Kode. 

import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonFactory;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ObjectNode;
import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshift.RedshiftClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshift.model.Cluster;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshift.model.CreateClusterRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshift.model.CreateClusterResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshift.model.DeleteClusterRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshift.model.DeleteClusterResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshift.model.DescribeClustersRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshift.model.DescribeClustersResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshift.model.ModifyClusterRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshift.model.ModifyClusterResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshift.model.RedshiftException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshiftdata.RedshiftDataClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshiftdata.model.DescribeStatementRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshiftdata.model.DescribeStatementResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshiftdata.model.ExecuteStatementRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshiftdata.model.ExecuteStatementResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshiftdata.model.Field;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshiftdata.model.GetStatementResultRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshiftdata.model.GetStatementResultResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshiftdata.model.ListDatabasesRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshiftdata.model.RedshiftDataException;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshiftdata.model.SqlParameter;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.redshiftdata.paginators.ListDatabasesIterable;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonParser;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 *
 *
 This Java example performs these tasks:
 *
 * 1. Prompts the user for a unique cluster ID or use the default value.
 * 2. Creates a Redshift cluster with the specified or default cluster Id value.
 * 3. Waits until the Redshift cluster is available for use.
 * 4. Lists all databases using a pagination API call.
 * 5. Creates a table named "Movies" with fields ID, title, and year.
 * 6. Inserts a specified number of records into the "Movies" table by reading the Movies JSON file.
 * 7. Prompts the user for a movie release year.
 * 8. Runs a SQL query to retrieve movies released in the specified year.
 * 9. Modifies the Redshift cluster.
 * 10. Prompts the user for confirmation to delete the Redshift cluster.
 * 11. If confirmed, deletes the specified Redshift cluster.
 */

public class RedshiftScenario {
    public static final String DASHES = new String(new char[80]).replace("\0", "-");
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        final String usage = """

            Usage:
                <jsonFilePath>\s

            Where:
                jsonFilePath - The path to the Movies JSON file (you can locate that file in ../../../resources/sample_files/movies.json)
            """;

        if (args.length != 1) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        String jsonFilePath = args[0];
        String userName;
        String userPassword;
        String databaseName = "dev" ;
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        RedshiftClient redshiftClient = RedshiftClient.builder()
            .region(region)
            .build();

        RedshiftDataClient redshiftDataClient = RedshiftDataClient.builder()
            .region(region)
            .build();

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("Welcome to the Amazon Redshift SDK Getting Started scenario.");
        System.out.println("""
        This Java program demonstrates how to interact with Amazon Redshift by using the AWS SDK for Java (v2).\s
        Amazon Redshift is a fully managed, petabyte-scale data warehouse service hosted in the cloud.
                                                                            
        The program's primary functionalities include cluster creation, verification of cluster readiness,\s
        list databases, table creation, data population within the table, and execution of SQL statements.
        Furthermore, it demonstrates the process of querying data from the Movie table.\s
        
        Upon completion of the program, all AWS resources are cleaned up.
        """);

        System.out.println("Lets get started...");
        System.out.println("Please enter your user name (default is awsuser)");
        String user = scanner.nextLine();
        userName = user.isEmpty() ? "awsuser" : user;
        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("Please enter your user password (default is AwsUser1000)");
        String userpass = scanner.nextLine();
        userPassword = userpass.isEmpty() ? "AwsUser1000" : userpass;
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("A Redshift cluster refers to the collection of computing resources and storage that work together to process and analyze large volumes of data.");
        System.out.println("Enter a cluster id value (default is redshift-cluster-movies): ");
        String userClusterId = scanner.nextLine();
        String clusterId = userClusterId.isEmpty() ? "redshift-cluster-movies" : userClusterId;
        createCluster(redshiftClient, clusterId, userName, userPassword);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("Wait until "+clusterId +" is available.");
        System.out.print("Press Enter to continue...");
        scanner.nextLine();
        waitForClusterReady(redshiftClient, clusterId);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        String databaseInfo = """
            When you created $clusteridD, the dev database is created by default and used in this scenario.\s
            
            To create a custom database, you need to have a CREATEDB privilege.\s
            For more information, see the documentation here: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_CREATE_DATABASE.html.
           """.replace("$clusteridD", clusterId);

        System.out.println(databaseInfo);
        System.out.print("Press Enter to continue...");
        scanner.nextLine();
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("List databases in "+clusterId);
        System.out.print("Press Enter to continue...");
        scanner.nextLine();
        listAllDatabases(redshiftDataClient, clusterId, userName, databaseName);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("Now you will create a table named Movies.");
        System.out.print("Press Enter to continue...");
        scanner.nextLine();
        createTable(redshiftDataClient, clusterId, databaseName, userName);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("Populate the Movies table using the Movies.json file.");
        System.out.println("Specify the number of records you would like to add to the Movies Table.");
        System.out.println("Please enter a value between 50 and 200.");
        int numRecords;
        do {
            System.out.print("Enter a value: ");
            while (!scanner.hasNextInt()) {
                System.out.println("Invalid input. Please enter a value between 50 and 200.");
                System.out.print("Enter a year: ");
                scanner.next();
            }
            numRecords = scanner.nextInt();
        } while (numRecords < 50 || numRecords > 200);
        popTable(redshiftDataClient, clusterId, databaseName, userName, jsonFilePath, numRecords);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("Query the Movies table by year. Enter a value between 2012-2014.");
        int movieYear;
        do {
            System.out.print("Enter a year: ");
            while (!scanner.hasNextInt()) {
                System.out.println("Invalid input. Please enter a valid year between 2012 and 2014.");
                System.out.print("Enter a year: ");
                scanner.next();
            }
            movieYear = scanner.nextInt();
            scanner.nextLine();
        } while (movieYear < 2012 || movieYear > 2014);

        String id = queryMoviesByYear(redshiftDataClient, databaseName, userName, movieYear, clusterId);
        System.out.println("The identifier of the statement is " + id);
        checkStatement(redshiftDataClient, id);
        getResults(redshiftDataClient, id);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("Now you will modify the Redshift cluster.");
        System.out.print("Press Enter to continue...");
        scanner.nextLine();
        modifyCluster(redshiftClient, clusterId);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("Would you like to delete the Amazon Redshift cluster? (y/n)");
        String delAns = scanner.nextLine().trim();
        if (delAns.equalsIgnoreCase("y")) {
            System.out.println("You selected to delete " +clusterId);
            System.out.print("Press Enter to continue...");
            scanner.nextLine();
            deleteRedshiftCluster(redshiftClient, clusterId);
        } else {
            System.out.println("The "+clusterId +" was not deleted");
        }
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("This concludes the Amazon Redshift SDK Getting Started scenario.");
        System.out.println(DASHES);
    }

    public static void listAllDatabases(RedshiftDataClient redshiftDataClient, String clusterId, String dbUser, String database) {
        try {
            ListDatabasesRequest databasesRequest = ListDatabasesRequest.builder()
                .clusterIdentifier(clusterId)
                .dbUser(dbUser)
                .database(database)
                .build();

            ListDatabasesIterable listDatabasesIterable = redshiftDataClient.listDatabasesPaginator(databasesRequest);
            listDatabasesIterable.stream()
                .flatMap(r -> r.databases().stream())
                .forEach(db -> System.out
                    .println("The database name is : " + db));

        } catch (RedshiftDataException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void deleteRedshiftCluster(RedshiftClient redshiftClient, String clusterId) {
        try {
            DeleteClusterRequest deleteClusterRequest = DeleteClusterRequest.builder()
                .clusterIdentifier(clusterId)
                .skipFinalClusterSnapshot(true)
                .build();

            DeleteClusterResponse response = redshiftClient.deleteCluster(deleteClusterRequest);
            System.out.println("The status is " + response.cluster().clusterStatus());

        } catch (RedshiftException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void popTable(RedshiftDataClient redshiftDataClient, String clusterId, String databaseName, String userName, String fileName, int number) throws IOException {
        JsonParser parser = new JsonFactory().createParser(new File(fileName));
        com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode rootNode = new ObjectMapper().readTree(parser);
        Iterator<JsonNode> iter = rootNode.iterator();
        ObjectNode currentNode;
        int t = 0;
        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            if (t == number)
                break;
            currentNode = (ObjectNode) iter.next();
            int year = currentNode.get("year").asInt();
            String title = currentNode.get("title").asText();

            // Use SqlParameter to avoid SQL injection.
            List<SqlParameter> parameterList = new ArrayList<>();
            String sqlStatement = "INSERT INTO Movies VALUES( :id , :title, :year);";

            // Create the parameters.
            SqlParameter idParam = SqlParameter.builder()
                .name("id")
                .value(String.valueOf(t))
                .build();

            SqlParameter titleParam= SqlParameter.builder()
                .name("title")
                .value(title)
                .build();

            SqlParameter yearParam = SqlParameter.builder()
                .name("year")
                .value(String.valueOf(year))
                .build();
            parameterList.add(idParam);
            parameterList.add(titleParam);
            parameterList.add(yearParam);

            try {
                ExecuteStatementRequest insertStatementRequest = ExecuteStatementRequest.builder()
                    .clusterIdentifier(clusterId)
                    .sql(sqlStatement)
                    .database(databaseName)
                    .dbUser(userName)
                    .parameters(parameterList)
                    .build();

                redshiftDataClient.executeStatement(insertStatementRequest);
                System.out.println("Inserted: " + title + " (" + year + ")");
                t++;

            } catch (RedshiftDataException e) {
                System.err.println("Error inserting data: " + e.getMessage());
                System.exit(1);
            }
        }
        System.out.println(t + " records were added to the Movies table. ");
    }

    public static void checkStatement(RedshiftDataClient redshiftDataClient, String sqlId) {
        try {
            DescribeStatementRequest statementRequest = DescribeStatementRequest.builder()
                .id(sqlId)
                .build();

            String status;
            while (true) {
                DescribeStatementResponse response = redshiftDataClient.describeStatement(statementRequest);
                status = response.statusAsString();
                System.out.println("..." + status);

                if (status.compareTo("FAILED") == 0 ) {
                    System.out.println("The Query Failed. Ending program");
                    System.exit(1);

                } else if (status.compareTo("FINISHED") == 0) {
                    break;
                }
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
            }

            System.out.println("The statement is finished!");

        } catch (RedshiftDataException | InterruptedException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void modifyCluster(RedshiftClient redshiftClient, String clusterId) {
        try {
            ModifyClusterRequest modifyClusterRequest = ModifyClusterRequest.builder()
                .clusterIdentifier(clusterId)
                .preferredMaintenanceWindow("wed:07:30-wed:08:00")
                .build();

            ModifyClusterResponse clusterResponse = redshiftClient.modifyCluster(modifyClusterRequest);
            System.out.println("The modified cluster was successfully modified and has "
                + clusterResponse.cluster().preferredMaintenanceWindow() + " as the maintenance window");

        } catch (RedshiftException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static String queryMoviesByYear(RedshiftDataClient redshiftDataClient,
                                           String database,
                                           String dbUser,
                                           int year,
                                           String clusterId) {

        try {
            String sqlStatement = " SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE year = :year";
            SqlParameter yearParam= SqlParameter.builder()
                .name("year")
                .value(String.valueOf(year))
                .build();

            ExecuteStatementRequest statementRequest = ExecuteStatementRequest.builder()
                .clusterIdentifier(clusterId)
                .database(database)
                .dbUser(dbUser)
                .parameters(yearParam)
                .sql(sqlStatement)
                .build();

            ExecuteStatementResponse response = redshiftDataClient.executeStatement(statementRequest);
            return response.id();

        } catch (RedshiftDataException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return "";
    }

    public static void getResults(RedshiftDataClient redshiftDataClient, String statementId) {
        try {
            GetStatementResultRequest resultRequest = GetStatementResultRequest.builder()
                .id(statementId)
                .build();

            // Extract and print the field values using streams.
            GetStatementResultResponse response = redshiftDataClient.getStatementResult(resultRequest);
            response.records().stream()
                .flatMap(List::stream)
                .map(Field::stringValue)
                .filter(value -> value != null)
                .forEach(value -> System.out.println("The Movie title field is " + value));

        } catch (RedshiftDataException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void waitForClusterReady(RedshiftClient redshiftClient, String clusterId) {
        boolean clusterReady = false;
        String clusterReadyStr;
        System.out.println("Waiting for cluster to become available. This may take a few mins.");
        try {
            DescribeClustersRequest clustersRequest = DescribeClustersRequest.builder()
                .clusterIdentifier(clusterId)
                .build();
            long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

            // Loop until the cluster is ready.
            while (!clusterReady) {
                DescribeClustersResponse clusterResponse = redshiftClient.describeClusters(clustersRequest);
                List<Cluster> clusterList = clusterResponse.clusters();
                for (Cluster cluster : clusterList) {
                    clusterReadyStr = cluster.clusterStatus();
                    if (clusterReadyStr.contains("available"))
                        clusterReady = true;
                    else {
                        long elapsedTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;
                        long elapsedSeconds = elapsedTimeMillis / 1000;
                        long minutes = elapsedSeconds / 60;
                        long seconds = elapsedSeconds % 60;

                        System.out.printf("Elapsed Time: %02d:%02d - Waiting for cluster... %n", minutes, seconds);
                        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5);
                    }
                }
            }

            long elapsedTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;
            long elapsedSeconds = elapsedTimeMillis / 1000;
            long minutes = elapsedSeconds / 60;
            long seconds = elapsedSeconds % 60;

            System.out.println(String.format("Cluster is available! Total Elapsed Time: %02d:%02d", minutes, seconds));

        } catch (RedshiftException | InterruptedException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void createTable(RedshiftDataClient redshiftDataClient, String clusterId, String databaseName, String userName) {
        try {
            ExecuteStatementRequest createTableRequest = ExecuteStatementRequest.builder()
                .clusterIdentifier(clusterId)
                .dbUser(userName)
                .database(databaseName)
                .sql("CREATE TABLE Movies ("
                    + "id INT PRIMARY KEY, "
                    + "title VARCHAR(100), "
                    + "year INT)")
                .build();

            redshiftDataClient.executeStatement(createTableRequest);
            System.out.println("Table created: Movies");

        } catch (RedshiftDataException e) {
            System.err.println("Error creating table: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void createCluster(RedshiftClient redshiftClient, String clusterId, String masterUsername,
                                     String masterUserPassword) {
        try {
            CreateClusterRequest clusterRequest = CreateClusterRequest.builder()
                .clusterIdentifier(clusterId)
                .masterUsername(masterUsername)
                .masterUserPassword(masterUserPassword)
                .nodeType("ra3.4xlarge")
                .publiclyAccessible(true)
                .numberOfNodes(2)
                .build();

            CreateClusterResponse clusterResponse = redshiftClient.createCluster(clusterRequest);
            System.out.println("Created cluster " + clusterResponse.cluster().clusterIdentifier());

        } catch (RedshiftException e) {

            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }
}