代码示例:使用 ResolveChoice、Lambda 和 ApplyMapping 进行数据准备
此示例使用的数据集包括从两个 Data.CMS.govs3://awsglue-datasets/examples/medicare/Medicare_Hospital_Provider.csv
上的公有 Amazon S3 存储桶。
您可以在 AWS Glue 示例 GitHubdata_cleaning_and_lambda.py
文件中找到本示例的源代码。
在 AWS 上运行时,调试 Python 或 PySpark 脚本的首选方法是在 AWS Glue Studio 上使用笔记本。
步骤 1:爬取 Amazon S3 存储桶中的数据
登录 AWS Management Console,然后打开 AWS Glue 控制台,网址为:https://console.aws.amazon.com/glue/
。 -
按照 配置爬网程序 中描述的过程进行操作,创建新的爬网程序,它可以网络爬取
s3://awsglue-datasets/examples/medicare/Medicare_Hospital_Provider.csv
文件,而且可以将生成的元数据放入 AWS Glue 数据目录中一个名为payments
的数据库。 -
运行新爬网程序,然后检查
payments
数据库。在读取该文件的开头以确定其格式和分隔符之后,您应该发现爬网程序已经在数据库中创建了一个名为medicare
的元数据表。新
medicare
表的架构如下所示:Column name Data type ================================================== drg definition string provider id bigint provider name string provider street address string provider city string provider state string provider zip code bigint hospital referral region description string total discharges bigint average covered charges string average total payments string average medicare payments string
步骤 2:向开发终端节点笔记本中添加样板文件脚本
将以下样板文件脚本粘贴到开发终端节点笔记本中以导入所需的 AWS Glue 库,然后设置单个 GlueContext
:
import sys from awsglue.transforms import * from awsglue.utils import getResolvedOptions from pyspark.context import SparkContext from awsglue.context import GlueContext from awsglue.job import Job glueContext = GlueContext(SparkContext.getOrCreate())
步骤 3:比较不同的架构解析
接下来,您可以查看由 Apache Spark DataFrame
识别的架构是否与您的 AWS Glue 爬网程序记录的架构相同。运行此代码:
medicare = spark.read.format( "com.databricks.spark.csv").option( "header", "true").option( "inferSchema", "true").load( 's3://awsglue-datasets/examples/medicare/Medicare_Hospital_Provider.csv') medicare.printSchema()
下面是来自 printSchema
调用的输出:
root
|-- DRG Definition: string (nullable = true)
|-- Provider Id: string (nullable = true)
|-- Provider Name: string (nullable = true)
|-- Provider Street Address: string (nullable = true)
|-- Provider City: string (nullable = true)
|-- Provider State: string (nullable = true)
|-- Provider Zip Code: integer (nullable = true)
|-- Hospital Referral Region Description: string (nullable = true)
|-- Total Discharges : integer (nullable = true)
|-- Average Covered Charges : string (nullable = true)
|-- Average Total Payments : string (nullable = true)
|-- Average Medicare Payments: string (nullable = true)
接下来,查看 AWS Glue DynamicFrame
生成的架构:
medicare_dynamicframe = glueContext.create_dynamic_frame.from_catalog( database = "payments", table_name = "medicare") medicare_dynamicframe.printSchema()
printSchema
中的输出如下所示:
root
|-- drg definition: string
|-- provider id: choice
| |-- long
| |-- string
|-- provider name: string
|-- provider street address: string
|-- provider city: string
|-- provider state: string
|-- provider zip code: long
|-- hospital referral region description: string
|-- total discharges: long
|-- average covered charges: string
|-- average total payments: string
|-- average medicare payments: string
DynamicFrame
生成一个架构,在其中 provider id
可以是 long
或 string
类型。DataFrame
架构将 Provider Id
列为 string
类型,数据目录将 provider id
列为 bigint
类型。
哪一个是正确的? 文件末尾有两条记录 (共计 16 万条记录),该列中有 string
值。这些是为说明问题而引入的错误记录。
为解决此类问题,AWS Glue DynamicFrame
引入了 choice 类型的概念。在这种情况下,DynamicFrame
显示 long
和 string
值都出现在该列中。AWS Glue 爬网程序错过了 string
值,因为它仅被视为数据的一个 2 MB 前缀。Apache Spark DataFrame
考虑了整个数据集,但它被迫将最一般的类型分配给该列,即 string
。事实上,当存在复杂类型或不熟悉的变体时,Spark 通常会采用最一般的情况。
要查询 provider id
列,请先解析选择类型。您可以在 DynamicFrame
中使用 resolveChoice
转换方法,通过 cast:long
选项将这些 string
值转换为 long
值:
medicare_res = medicare_dynamicframe.resolveChoice(specs = [('provider id','cast:long')]) medicare_res.printSchema()
printSchema
输出现在是:
root
|-- drg definition: string
|-- provider id: long
|-- provider name: string
|-- provider street address: string
|-- provider city: string
|-- provider state: string
|-- provider zip code: long
|-- hospital referral region description: string
|-- total discharges: long
|-- average covered charges: string
|-- average total payments: string
|-- average medicare payments: string
其中,该值是无法强制转换的 string
,AWS Glue 插入了一个 null
。
另一个选项是将选择类型转换为一个 struct
,以保持两种类型的值。
接下来,查看异常的行:
medicare_res.toDF().where("'provider id' is NULL").show()
您看到以下内容:
+--------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------------------+-------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------+
| drg definition|provider id| provider name|provider street address|provider city|provider state|provider zip code|hospital referral region description|total discharges|average covered charges|average total payments|average medicare payments|
+--------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------------------+-------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------+
|948 - SIGNS & SYM...| null| INC| 1050 DIVISION ST| MAUSTON| WI| 53948| WI - Madison| 12| $11961.41| $4619.00| $3775.33|
|948 - SIGNS & SYM...| null| INC- ST JOSEPH| 5000 W CHAMBERS ST| MILWAUKEE| WI| 53210| WI - Milwaukee| 14| $10514.28| $5562.50| $4522.78|
+--------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------------------+-------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------------------------+----------------+-----------------------+----------------------+-------------------------+
现在,删除两个格式错误的记录,如下所示:
medicare_dataframe = medicare_res.toDF() medicare_dataframe = medicare_dataframe.where("'provider id' is NOT NULL")
步骤 4:映射数据和使用 Apache Spark Lambda 函数
AWS Glue 尚未直接支持 Lambda 函数,也称为用户定义函数。但是,您始终可以将 DynamicFrame
和 Apache Spark DataFrame
相互转换,以便除 DynamicFrames
的特殊功能外,还能利用 Spark 功能。
接下来,将付款信息转化为数字,以便 Amazon Redshift 或 Amazon Athena 这样的分析引擎可以更快地进行数字处理:
from pyspark.sql.functions import udf from pyspark.sql.types import StringType chop_f = udf(lambda x: x[1:], StringType()) medicare_dataframe = medicare_dataframe.withColumn( "ACC", chop_f( medicare_dataframe["average covered charges"])).withColumn( "ATP", chop_f( medicare_dataframe["average total payments"])).withColumn( "AMP", chop_f( medicare_dataframe["average medicare payments"])) medicare_dataframe.select(['ACC', 'ATP', 'AMP']).show()
show
调用中的输出如下所示:
+--------+-------+-------+
| ACC| ATP| AMP|
+--------+-------+-------+
|32963.07|5777.24|4763.73|
|15131.85|5787.57|4976.71|
|37560.37|5434.95|4453.79|
|13998.28|5417.56|4129.16|
|31633.27|5658.33|4851.44|
|16920.79|6653.80|5374.14|
|11977.13|5834.74|4761.41|
|35841.09|8031.12|5858.50|
|28523.39|6113.38|5228.40|
|75233.38|5541.05|4386.94|
|67327.92|5461.57|4493.57|
|39607.28|5356.28|4408.20|
|22862.23|5374.65|4186.02|
|31110.85|5366.23|4376.23|
|25411.33|5282.93|4383.73|
| 9234.51|5676.55|4509.11|
|15895.85|5930.11|3972.85|
|19721.16|6192.54|5179.38|
|10710.88|4968.00|3898.88|
|51343.75|5996.00|4962.45|
+--------+-------+-------+
only showing top 20 rows
这些仍然是数据中的字符串。我们可以使用强大的 apply_mapping
转换方法来删除、重命名、转换和嵌套数据,以便其他数据编程语言和系统可以轻松地访问它:
from awsglue.dynamicframe import DynamicFrame medicare_tmp_dyf = DynamicFrame.fromDF(medicare_dataframe, glueContext, "nested") medicare_nest_dyf = medicare_tmp_dyf.apply_mapping([('drg definition', 'string', 'drg', 'string'), ('provider id', 'long', 'provider.id', 'long'), ('provider name', 'string', 'provider.name', 'string'), ('provider city', 'string', 'provider.city', 'string'), ('provider state', 'string', 'provider.state', 'string'), ('provider zip code', 'long', 'provider.zip', 'long'), ('hospital referral region description', 'string','rr', 'string'), ('ACC', 'string', 'charges.covered', 'double'), ('ATP', 'string', 'charges.total_pay', 'double'), ('AMP', 'string', 'charges.medicare_pay', 'double')]) medicare_nest_dyf.printSchema()
printSchema
输出如下所示:
root
|-- drg: string
|-- provider: struct
| |-- id: long
| |-- name: string
| |-- city: string
| |-- state: string
| |-- zip: long
|-- rr: string
|-- charges: struct
| |-- covered: double
| |-- total_pay: double
| |-- medicare_pay: double
将数据重新变成 Spark DataFrame
后,您可以显示它现在的外观:
medicare_nest_dyf.toDF().show()
您可以在一个 (扩展) 代码行中执行所有这些操作:
+--------------------+--------------------+---------------+--------------------+
| drg| provider| rr| charges|
+--------------------+--------------------+---------------+--------------------+
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10001,SOUTHEAST ...| AL - Dothan|[32963.07,5777.24...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10005,MARSHALL M...|AL - Birmingham|[15131.85,5787.57...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10006,ELIZA COFF...|AL - Birmingham|[37560.37,5434.95...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10011,ST VINCENT...|AL - Birmingham|[13998.28,5417.56...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10016,SHELBY BAP...|AL - Birmingham|[31633.27,5658.33...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10023,BAPTIST ME...|AL - Montgomery|[16920.79,6653.8,...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10029,EAST ALABA...|AL - Birmingham|[11977.13,5834.74...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10033,UNIVERSITY...|AL - Birmingham|[35841.09,8031.12...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10039,HUNTSVILLE...|AL - Huntsville|[28523.39,6113.38...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10040,GADSDEN RE...|AL - Birmingham|[75233.38,5541.05...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10046,RIVERVIEW ...|AL - Birmingham|[67327.92,5461.57...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10055,FLOWERS HO...| AL - Dothan|[39607.28,5356.28...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10056,ST VINCENT...|AL - Birmingham|[22862.23,5374.65...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10078,NORTHEAST ...|AL - Birmingham|[31110.85,5366.23...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10083,SOUTH BALD...| AL - Mobile|[25411.33,5282.93...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10085,DECATUR GE...|AL - Huntsville|[9234.51,5676.55,...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10090,PROVIDENCE...| AL - Mobile|[15895.85,5930.11...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10092,D C H REGI...|AL - Tuscaloosa|[19721.16,6192.54...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10100,THOMAS HOS...| AL - Mobile|[10710.88,4968.0,...|
|039 - EXTRACRANIA...|[10103,BAPTIST ME...|AL - Birmingham|[51343.75,5996.0,...|
+--------------------+--------------------+---------------+--------------------+
only showing top 20 rows
步骤 5:将数据写入到 Apache Parquet
有了 AWS Glue,可以很容易地以诸如 Apache Parquet 这样的格式编写数据,以便关系数据库可以有效地使用它:
glueContext.write_dynamic_frame.from_options( frame = medicare_nest_dyf, connection_type = "s3", connection_options = {"path": "s3://glue-sample-target/output-dir/medicare_parquet"}, format = "parquet")