步驟 8：匯出並驗證分類帳中的分錄資料

在 Amazon QLDB 中，您可以存取分類帳中的日誌內容，用於各種目的，例如資料保留、分析和稽核。如需詳細資訊，請參閱從 Amazon QLDB 匯出日誌資料。

在此步驟中，您將日誌區塊從分vehicle-registration類帳匯出到 Amazon S3 儲存貯體。然後，您可以使用匯出的資料來驗證日誌區塊與每個區塊中個別雜湊元件之間的雜湊鏈。

您使用的AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) 主體實體必須具有足夠的 IAM 許可 Amazon S3 能在您的AWS 帳戶. 如需詳細資訊，請參閱 Amazon S3 使用者指南中的 Amazon S3 的原則和許可。您還必須擁有許可才能建立具有連接許可政策的 IAM 角色，該政策允許 QLDB 將物件寫入 Amazon S3 儲存貯體。若要進一步了解，請參閱 IAM 使用者指南中的存取 IAM 資源所需的許可。

匯出與驗證分錄資料的步驟

檢閱下列檔案 (JournalBlock.java)，它代表日誌區塊及其資料內容。它包括一個名為演verifyBlockHash()示如何計算塊散列的每個單獨組件的方法。


/*
 * Copyright 2019 Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT-0
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this
 * software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software
 * without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify,
 * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
 * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
 * INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
 * PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
 * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
 * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
 * SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 */

package software.amazon.qldb.tutorial.qldb;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonCreator;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonSerialize;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat.ion.IonTimestampSerializers;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import software.amazon.qldb.tutorial.Constants;
import software.amazon.qldb.tutorial.Verifier;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

import static java.nio.ByteBuffer.wrap;

/**
 * Represents a JournalBlock that was recorded after executing a transaction
 * in the ledger.
 */
public final class JournalBlock {
    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(JournalBlock.class);

    private BlockAddress blockAddress;
    private String transactionId;
    @JsonSerialize(using = IonTimestampSerializers.IonTimestampJavaDateSerializer.class)
    private Date blockTimestamp;
    private byte[] blockHash;
    private byte[] entriesHash;
    private byte[] previousBlockHash;
    private byte[][] entriesHashList;
    private TransactionInfo transactionInfo;
    private RedactionInfo redactionInfo;
    private List<QldbRevision> revisions;

    @JsonCreator
    public JournalBlock(@JsonProperty("blockAddress") final BlockAddress blockAddress,
                        @JsonProperty("transactionId") final String transactionId,
                        @JsonProperty("blockTimestamp") final Date blockTimestamp,
                        @JsonProperty("blockHash") final byte[] blockHash,
                        @JsonProperty("entriesHash") final byte[] entriesHash,
                        @JsonProperty("previousBlockHash") final byte[] previousBlockHash,
                        @JsonProperty("entriesHashList") final byte[][] entriesHashList,
                        @JsonProperty("transactionInfo") final TransactionInfo transactionInfo,
                        @JsonProperty("redactionInfo") final RedactionInfo redactionInfo,
                        @JsonProperty("revisions") final List<QldbRevision> revisions) {
        this.blockAddress = blockAddress;
        this.transactionId = transactionId;
        this.blockTimestamp = blockTimestamp;
        this.blockHash = blockHash;
        this.entriesHash = entriesHash;
        this.previousBlockHash = previousBlockHash;
        this.entriesHashList = entriesHashList;
        this.transactionInfo = transactionInfo;
        this.redactionInfo = redactionInfo;
        this.revisions = revisions;
    }

    public BlockAddress getBlockAddress() {
        return blockAddress;
    }

    public String getTransactionId() {
        return transactionId;
    }

    public Date getBlockTimestamp() {
        return blockTimestamp;
    }

    public byte[][] getEntriesHashList() {
        return entriesHashList;
    }

    public TransactionInfo getTransactionInfo() {
        return transactionInfo;
    }

    public RedactionInfo getRedactionInfo() {
        return redactionInfo;
    }

    public List<QldbRevision> getRevisions() {
        return revisions;
    }

    public byte[] getEntriesHash() {
        return entriesHash;
    }

    public byte[] getBlockHash() {
        return blockHash;
    }

    public byte[] getPreviousBlockHash() {
        return previousBlockHash;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "JournalBlock{"
                + "blockAddress=" + blockAddress
                + ", transactionId='" + transactionId + '\''
                + ", blockTimestamp=" + blockTimestamp
                + ", blockHash=" + Arrays.toString(blockHash)
                + ", entriesHash=" + Arrays.toString(entriesHash)
                + ", previousBlockHash=" + Arrays.toString(previousBlockHash)
                + ", entriesHashList=" + Arrays.toString(entriesHashList)
                + ", transactionInfo=" + transactionInfo
                + ", redactionInfo=" + redactionInfo
                + ", revisions=" + revisions
                + '}';
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(final Object o) {
        if (this == o) {
            return true;
        }
        if (!(o instanceof JournalBlock)) {
            return false;
        }

        final JournalBlock that = (JournalBlock) o;

        if (!getBlockAddress().equals(that.getBlockAddress())) {
            return false;
        }
        if (!getTransactionId().equals(that.getTransactionId())) {
            return false;
        }
        if (!getBlockTimestamp().equals(that.getBlockTimestamp())) {
            return false;
        }
        if (!Arrays.equals(getBlockHash(), that.getBlockHash())) {
            return false;
        }
        if (!Arrays.equals(getEntriesHash(), that.getEntriesHash())) {
            return false;
        }
        if (!Arrays.equals(getPreviousBlockHash(), that.getPreviousBlockHash())) {
            return false;
        }
        if (!Arrays.deepEquals(getEntriesHashList(), that.getEntriesHashList())) {
            return false;
        }
        if (!getTransactionInfo().equals(that.getTransactionInfo())) {
            return false;
        }
        if (getRedactionInfo() != null ? !getRedactionInfo().equals(that.getRedactionInfo()) : that.getRedactionInfo() != null) {
            return false;
        }
        return getRevisions() != null ? getRevisions().equals(that.getRevisions()) : that.getRevisions() == null;
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        int result = getBlockAddress().hashCode();
        result = 31 * result + getTransactionId().hashCode();
        result = 31 * result + getBlockTimestamp().hashCode();
        result = 31 * result + Arrays.hashCode(getBlockHash());
        result = 31 * result + Arrays.hashCode(getEntriesHash());
        result = 31 * result + Arrays.hashCode(getPreviousBlockHash());
        result = 31 * result + Arrays.deepHashCode(getEntriesHashList());
        result = 31 * result + getTransactionInfo().hashCode();
        result = 31 * result + (getRedactionInfo() != null ? getRedactionInfo().hashCode() : 0);
        result = 31 * result + (getRevisions() != null ? getRevisions().hashCode() : 0);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * This method validates that the hashes of the components of a journal block make up the block
     * hash that is provided with the block itself.
     *
     * The components that contribute to the hash of the journal block consist of the following:
     *   - user transaction information (contained in [transactionInfo])
     *   - user redaction information (contained in [redactionInfo])
     *   - user revisions (contained in [revisions])
     *   - hashes of internal-only system metadata (contained in [revisions] and in [entriesHashList])
     *   - the previous block hash
     *
     * If any of the computed hashes of user information cannot be validated or any of the system
     * hashes do not result in the correct computed values, this method will throw an IllegalArgumentException.
     *
     * Internal-only system metadata is represented by its hash, and can be present in the form of certain
     * items in the [revisions] list that only contain a hash and no user data, as well as some hashes
     * in [entriesHashList].
     *
     * To validate that the hashes of the user data are valid components of the [blockHash], this method
     * performs the following steps:
     *
     * 1. Compute the hash of the [transactionInfo] and validate that it is included in the [entriesHashList].
     * 2. Compute the hash of the [redactionInfo], if present, and validate that it is included in the [entriesHashList].
     * 3. Validate the hash of each user revision was correctly computed and matches the hash published
     * with that revision.
     * 4. Compute the hash of the [revisions] by treating the revision hashes as the leaf nodes of a Merkle tree
     * and calculating the root hash of that tree. Then validate that hash is included in the [entriesHashList].
     * 5. Compute the hash of the [entriesHashList] by treating the hashes as the leaf nodes of a Merkle tree
     * and calculating the root hash of that tree. Then validate that hash matches [entriesHash].
     * 6. Finally, compute the block hash by computing the hash resulting from concatenating the [entriesHash]
     * and previous block hash, and validate that the result matches the [blockHash] provided by QLDB with the block.
     *
     * This method is called by ValidateQldbHashChain::verify for each journal block to validate its
     * contents before verifying that the hash chain between consecutive blocks is correct.
     */
    public void verifyBlockHash() {
        Set<ByteBuffer> entriesHashSet = new HashSet<>();
        Arrays.stream(entriesHashList).forEach(hash -> entriesHashSet.add(wrap(hash).asReadOnlyBuffer()));

        byte[] computedTransactionInfoHash = computeTransactionInfoHash();
        if (!entriesHashSet.contains(wrap(computedTransactionInfoHash).asReadOnlyBuffer())) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                    "Block transactionInfo hash is not contained in the QLDB block entries hash list.");
        }

        if (redactionInfo != null) {
            byte[] computedRedactionInfoHash = computeRedactionInfoHash();
            if (!entriesHashSet.contains(wrap(computedRedactionInfoHash).asReadOnlyBuffer())) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                        "Block redactionInfo hash is not contained in the QLDB block entries hash list.");
            }
        }

        if (revisions != null) {
            revisions.forEach(QldbRevision::verifyRevisionHash);
            byte[] computedRevisionsHash = computeRevisionsHash();
            if (!entriesHashSet.contains(wrap(computedRevisionsHash).asReadOnlyBuffer())) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                        "Block revisions list hash is not contained in the QLDB block entries hash list.");
            }
        }

        byte[] computedEntriesHash = computeEntriesHash();
        if (!Arrays.equals(computedEntriesHash, entriesHash)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Computed entries hash does not match entries hash provided in the block.");
        }

        byte[] computedBlockHash = Verifier.dot(computedEntriesHash, previousBlockHash);
        if (!Arrays.equals(computedBlockHash, blockHash)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Computed block hash does not match block hash provided in the block.");
        }
    }

    private byte[] computeTransactionInfoHash() {
        try {
            return QldbIonUtils.hashIonValue(Constants.MAPPER.writeValueAsIonValue(transactionInfo));
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Could not compute transactionInfo hash to verify block hash.", e);
        }
    }

    private byte[] computeRedactionInfoHash() {
        try {
            return QldbIonUtils.hashIonValue(Constants.MAPPER.writeValueAsIonValue(redactionInfo));
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Could not compute redactionInfo hash to verify block hash.", e);
        }
    }

    private byte[] computeRevisionsHash() {
        return Verifier.calculateMerkleTreeRootHash(revisions.stream().map(QldbRevision::getHash).collect(Collectors.toList()));
    }

    private byte[] computeEntriesHash() {
        return Verifier.calculateMerkleTreeRootHash(Arrays.asList(entriesHashList));
    }
}

編譯並運行以下程序（ValidateQldbHashChain.java）來執行以下步驟：

將日誌區塊從分vehicle-registration類帳匯出到名為的 Amazon S3 儲存貯體qldb-tutorial-journal-export-111122223333 (以您的AWS 帳戶編號取代)。
通過調用驗證每個塊中的單個哈希組件verifyBlockHash()。
驗證日誌區塊之間的雜湊鏈。


/*
 * Copyright 2019 Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT-0
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this
 * software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software
 * without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify,
 * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
 * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
 * INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
 * PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
 * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
 * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
 * SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 */

package software.amazon.qldb.tutorial;

import com.amazonaws.services.qldb.model.ExportJournalToS3Result;
import com.amazonaws.services.qldb.model.S3EncryptionConfiguration;
import com.amazonaws.services.qldb.model.S3ObjectEncryptionType;
import com.amazonaws.services.s3.AmazonS3ClientBuilder;

import java.time.Instant;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

import com.amazonaws.services.securitytoken.AWSSecurityTokenServiceClientBuilder;
import com.amazonaws.services.securitytoken.model.GetCallerIdentityRequest;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

import software.amazon.qldb.tutorial.qldb.JournalBlock;

/**
 * Validate the hash chain of a QLDB ledger by stepping through its S3 export.
 *
 * This code accepts an exportId as an argument, if exportId is passed the code
 * will use that or request QLDB to generate a new export to perform QLDB hash
 * chain validation.
 *
 * This code expects that you have AWS credentials setup per:
 * http://docs.aws.amazon.com/java-sdk/latest/developer-guide/setup-credentials.html
 */
public final class ValidateQldbHashChain {
    public static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ValidateQldbHashChain.class);
    private static final int TIME_SKEW = 20;

    private ValidateQldbHashChain() { }

    /**
     * Export journal contents to a S3 bucket.
     *
     * @return the ExportId of the journal export.
     * @throws InterruptedException if the thread is interrupted while waiting for export to complete.
     */
    private static String createExport() throws InterruptedException {
        String accountId = AWSSecurityTokenServiceClientBuilder.defaultClient()
            .getCallerIdentity(new GetCallerIdentityRequest()).getAccount();
        String bucketName = Constants.JOURNAL_EXPORT_S3_BUCKET_NAME_PREFIX + "-" + accountId;
        String prefix = Constants.LEDGER_NAME + "-" + Instant.now().getEpochSecond() + "/";

        S3EncryptionConfiguration encryptionConfiguration = new S3EncryptionConfiguration()
                .withObjectEncryptionType(S3ObjectEncryptionType.SSE_S3);
        ExportJournalToS3Result exportJournalToS3Result = 
            ExportJournal.createJournalExportAndAwaitCompletion(Constants.LEDGER_NAME, 
                    bucketName, prefix, null, encryptionConfiguration, ExportJournal.DEFAULT_EXPORT_TIMEOUT_MS);

        return exportJournalToS3Result.getExportId();
    }

    /**
     * Validates that the chain hash on the {@link JournalBlock} is valid.
     *
     * @param journalBlocks
     *              {@link JournalBlock} containing hashes to validate.
     * @throws IllegalStateException if previous block hash does not match.
     */
    public static void verify(final List<JournalBlock> journalBlocks) {
        if (journalBlocks.size() == 0) {
            return;
        }

        journalBlocks.stream().reduce(null, (previousJournalBlock, journalBlock) -> {
            journalBlock.verifyBlockHash();
            if (previousJournalBlock == null) { return journalBlock; }
            if (!Arrays.equals(previousJournalBlock.getBlockHash(), journalBlock.getPreviousBlockHash())) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Previous block hash doesn't match.");
            }
            byte[] blockHash = Verifier.dot(journalBlock.getEntriesHash(), previousJournalBlock.getBlockHash());
            if (!Arrays.equals(blockHash, journalBlock.getBlockHash())) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Block hash doesn't match entriesHash dot previousBlockHash, the chain is "
                        + "broken.");
            }
            return journalBlock;
        });
    }

    public static void main(final String... args) throws InterruptedException {
        try {
            String exportId;
            if (args.length == 1) {
                exportId = args[0];
                log.info("Validating QLDB hash chain for exportId: " + exportId);
            } else {
                log.info("Requesting QLDB to create an export.");
                exportId = createExport();
            }
            List<JournalBlock> journalBlocks =
                JournalS3ExportReader.readExport(DescribeJournalExport.describeExport(Constants.LEDGER_NAME,
                    exportId), AmazonS3ClientBuilder.defaultClient());
            verify(journalBlocks);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.error("Unable to perform hash chain verification.", e);
            throw e;
        }
    }

}

如果您不再需要使用vehicle-registration分類帳，請繼續執行步驟 9 (選用)：清除資源。

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文件慣用形式

步驟 7：驗證文件

步驟 9：清除