Volume characteristics General Purpose SSD (gp2) volumes Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1 and io2) volumes Throughput Optimized HDD (st1) volumes Cold HDD (sc1) volumes Magnetic (standard)Performance considerations when using HDD volumes Monitoring the burst bucket balance for gp2, st1, and sc1 volumes

Amazon EBS volume types

Amazon EBS provides the following volume types, which differ in performance characteristics and price, so that you can tailor your storage performance and cost to the needs of your applications. The volumes types fall into two categories:

SSD-backed volumes optimized for transactional workloads involving frequent read/write operations with small I/O size, where the dominant performance attribute is IOPS
HDD-backed volumes optimized for large streaming workloads where throughput (measured in MiB/s) is a better performance measure than IOPS

There are several factors that can affect the performance of EBS volumes, such as instance configuration, I/O characteristics, and workload demand. For more information about getting the most out of your EBS volumes, see Amazon EBS volume performance on Windows instances.

For more information about pricing, see Amazon EBS Pricing.

Volume characteristics

The following table describes the use cases and performance characteristics for each volume type. The default volume type is General Purpose SSD (gp2).

	Solid-state drives (SSD)			Hard disk drives (HDD)
Volume type	General Purpose SSD (`gp2`)	Provisioned IOPS SSD		Throughput Optimized HDD (`st1`)	Cold HDD (`sc1`)
Volume type	General Purpose SSD (`gp2`)	`io2`	`io1`	Throughput Optimized HDD (`st1`)	Cold HDD (`sc1`)
Description	General purpose SSD volume that balances price and performance for a wide variety of workloads	Highest-performance SSD volume for mission-critical low-latency or high-throughput workloads		Low-cost HDD volume designed for frequently accessed, throughput-intensive workloads	Lowest cost HDD volume designed for less frequently accessed workloads
Durability	99.8% - 99.9% durability (0.1% - 0.2% annual failure rate)	99.999% durability (0.001% annual failure rate)	99.8% - 99.9% durability (0.1% - 0.2% annual failure rate)	99.8% - 99.9% durability (0.1% - 0.2% annual failure rate)	99.8% - 99.9% durability (0.1% - 0.2% annual failure rate)
Use cases	Recommended for most workloads System boot volumes Virtual desktops Low-latency interactive apps Development and test environments	Critical business applications that require sustained IOPS performance, or more than 16,000 IOPS or 250 MiB/s of throughput per volume Large database workloads, such as: MongoDB Cassandra Microsoft SQL Server MySQL PostgreSQL Oracle		Streaming workloads requiring consistent, fast throughput at a low price Big data Data warehouses Log processing Cannot be a boot volume	Throughput-oriented storage for large volumes of data that is infrequently accessed Scenarios where the lowest storage cost is important Cannot be a boot volume
Amazon EBS Multi-attach	Not supported	Not Supported	Supported	Not supported	Not supported
API name	`gp2`	`io2`	`io1`	`st1`	`sc1`
Volume size	1 GiB - 16 TiB	4 GiB - 16 TiB		500 GiB - 16 TiB	500 GiB - 16 TiB
Dominant performance attribute	IOPS	IOPS		MiB/s	MiB/s
Max IOPS per volume	16,000 (16 KiB I/O) *	64,000 (16 KiB I/O) †		500 (1 MiB I/O)	250 (1 MiB I/O)
Max throughput per volume	250 MiB/s *	1,000 MiB/s †		500 MiB/s	250 MiB/s
Max IOPS per instance ††	160,000
Max throughput per instance ††	4,750 MB/s

* The throughput limit is between 128 MiB/s and 250 MiB/s, depending on the volume size. Volumes smaller than or equal to 170 GiB deliver a maximum throughput of 128 MiB/s. Volumes larger than 170 GiB but smaller than 334 GiB deliver a maximum throughput of 250 MiB/s if burst credits are available. Volumes larger than or equal to 334 GiB deliver 250 MiB/s regardless of burst credits. Older gp2 volumes might not reach full performance unless you modify the volume. For more information, see Amazon EBS Elastic Volumes.

† Maximum IOPS and throughput are guaranteed only on Instances built on the Nitro System provisioned with more than 32,000 IOPS. Other instances guarantee up to 32,000 IOPS and 500 MiB/s. Older io1 volumes might not reach full performance unless you modify the volume. For more information, see Amazon EBS Elastic Volumes.

†† To achieve this throughput, you must have an instance that supports EBS optimization.

Previous generation volume types

The following table describes previous-generation EBS volume types. If you need higher performance or performance consistency than previous-generation volumes can provide, we recommend that you consider using General Purpose SSD (gp2) or other current volume types. For more information, see Previous Generation Volumes.

Hard disk drives (HDD)
Volume type	Magnetic
Use cases	Workloads where data is infrequently accessed
API name	`standard`
Volume size	1 GiB-1 TiB
Max IOPS per volume	40–200
Max throughput per volume	40–90 MiB/s
Max IOPS per instance	80,000
Max throughput per instance	1,750 MB/s
Dominant performance attribute	IOPS

General Purpose SSD (`gp2`) volumes

General Purpose SSD (gp2) volumes offer cost-effective storage that is ideal for a broad range of workloads. These volumes deliver single-digit millisecond latencies and the ability to burst to 3,000 IOPS for extended periods of time. Between a minimum of 100 IOPS (at 33.33 GiB and below) and a maximum of 16,000 IOPS (at 5,334 GiB and above), baseline performance scales linearly at 3 IOPS per GiB of volume size. AWS designs gp2 volumes to deliver their provisioned performance 99% of the time. A gp2 volume can range in size from 1 GiB to 16 TiB.

I/O Credits and burst performance

The performance of gp2 volumes is tied to volume size, which determines the baseline performance level of the volume and how quickly it accumulates I/O credits; larger volumes have higher baseline performance levels and accumulate I/O credits faster. I/O credits represent the available bandwidth that your gp2 volume can use to burst large amounts of I/O when more than the baseline performance is needed. The more credits your volume has for I/O, the more time it can burst beyond its baseline performance level and the better it performs when more performance is needed. The following diagram shows the burst-bucket behavior for gp2.

Each volume receives an initial I/O credit balance of 5.4 million I/O credits, which is enough to sustain the maximum burst performance of 3,000 IOPS for 30 minutes. This initial credit balance is designed to provide a fast initial boot cycle for boot volumes and to provide a good bootstrapping experience for other applications. Volumes earn I/O credits at the baseline performance rate of 3 IOPS per GiB of volume size. For example, a 100 GiB gp2 volume has a baseline performance of 300 IOPS.

Comparing baseline performance and burst IOPS

When your volume requires more than the baseline performance I/O level, it draws on I/O credits in the credit balance to burst to the required performance level, up to a maximum of 3,000 IOPS. When your volume uses fewer I/O credits than it earns in a second, unused I/O credits are added to the I/O credit balance. The maximum I/O credit balance for a volume is equal to the initial credit balance (5.4 million I/O credits).

When the baseline performance of a volume is higher than maximum burst performance, I/O credits are never spent. If the volume is attached to an instance built on the Nitro System, the burst balance is not reported. For other instances, the reported burst balance is 100%.

The burst duration of a volume is dependent on the size of the volume, the burst IOPS required, and the credit balance when the burst begins. This is shown in the following equation:


                             (Credit balance)
Burst duration  =  ------------------------------------
                   (Burst IOPS) - 3(Volume size in GiB)

The following table lists several volume sizes and the associated baseline performance of the volume (which is also the rate at which it accumulates I/O credits), the burst duration at the 3,000 IOPS maximum (when starting with a full credit balance), and the time in seconds that the volume would take to refill an empty credit balance.

Volume size (GiB)	Baseline performance (IOPS)	Burst duration when driving sustained 3,000 IOPS (second)	Seconds to fill empty credit balance when driving no IO
1	100	1,802	54,000
100	300	2,000	18,000
250	750	2,400	7,200
334 (Min. size for max throughput)	1,002	2,703	5,389
500	1,500	3,600	3,600
750	2,250	7,200	2,400
1,000	3,000	N/A*	N/A*
5,334 (Min. size for max IOPS)	16,000	N/A*	N/A*
16,384 (16 TiB, max volume size)	16,000	N/A*	N/A*

* The baseline performance of the volume exceeds the maximum burst performance.

What happens if I empty my I/O credit balance?

If your gp2 volume uses all of its I/O credit balance, the maximum IOPS performance of the volume remains at the baseline IOPS performance level (the rate at which your volume earns credits) and the volume's maximum throughput is reduced to the baseline IOPS multiplied by the maximum I/O size. Throughput can never exceed 250 MiB/s. When I/O demand drops below the baseline level and unused credits are added to the I/O credit balance, the maximum IOPS performance of the volume again exceeds the baseline. For example, a 100 GiB gp2 volume with an empty credit balance has a baseline performance of 300 IOPS and a throughput limit of 75 MiB/s (300 I/O operations per second * 256 KiB per I/O operation = 75 MiB/s). The larger a volume is, the greater the baseline performance is and the faster it replenishes the credit balance. For more information about how IOPS are measured, see I/O characteristics and monitoring.

If you notice that your volume performance is frequently limited to the baseline level (due to an empty I/O credit balance), you should consider using a larger gp2 volume (with a higher baseline performance level) or switching to an io1 or io2 volume for workloads that require sustained IOPS performance greater than 16,000 IOPS.

For information about using CloudWatch metrics and alarms to monitor your burst bucket balance, see Monitoring the burst bucket balance for gp2, st1, and sc1 volumes.

Throughput performance

Throughput for a gp2 volume can be calculated using the following formula, up to the throughput limit of 250 MiB/s:


Throughput in MiB/s = ((Volume size in GiB) × (IOPS per GiB) × (I/O size in KiB))

Assuming V = volume size, I = I/O size, R = I/O rate, and T = throughput, this can be simplified to:


T = VIR

The smallest volume size that achieves the maximum throughput is given by:


        T          
V  =  -----  
       I R   

            250 MiB/s
   =  ---------------------
      (256 KiB)(3 IOPS/GiB)


               [(250)(2^20)(Bytes)]/s
   =  ------------------------------------------
      (256)(2^10)(Bytes)([3 IOP/s]/[(2^30)(Bytes)])


      (250)(2^20)(2^30)(Bytes)
   =  ------------------------
           (256)(2^10)(3)

   =  357,913,941,333 Bytes
   
   =  333⅓ GiB (334 GiB in practice because volumes are provisioned in whole gibibytes)

Provisioned IOPS SSD (`io1` and `io2`) volumes

Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1 and io2) volumes are designed to meet the needs of I/O-intensive workloads, particularly database workloads, that are sensitive to storage performance and consistency. Unlike gp2, which uses a bucket and credit model to calculate performance, io1 and io2 volumes allow you to specify a consistent IOPS rate when you create volumes, and Amazon EBS delivers the provisioned performance 99.9 percent of the time.

io1 volumes are designed to provide 99.8 to 99.9 percent volume durability with an annual failure rate (AFR) no higher than 0.2 percent, which translates to a maximum of two volume failures per 1,000 running volumes over a one-year period. io2 volumes are designed to provide 99.999 percent volume durability with an AFR no higher than 0.001 percent, which translates to a single volume failure per 100,000 running volumes over a one-year period.

io1 and io2 volumes can range in size from 4 GiB to 16 TiB. You can provision from 100 IOPS up to 64,000 IOPS per volume on Instances built on the Nitro System and up to 32,000 on other instances. The maximum ratio of provisioned IOPS to requested volume size (in GiB) is 50:1 for io1 volumes, and 500:1 for io2 volumes. For example, a 100 GiB io1 volume can be provisioned with up to 5,000 IOPS, while a 100 GiB io2 volume can be provisioned with up to 50,000 IOPS. On a supported instance type, the following volume sizes allow provisioning up to the 64,000 IOPS maximum:

io1 volume 1,280 GiB in size or greater (50 × 1,280 GiB = 64,000 IOPS)
io2 volume 128 GiB in size or greater (500 × 128 GiB = 64,000 IOPS)

io1 and io2 volumes provisioned with up to 32,000 IOPS support a maximum I/O size of 256 KiB and yield as much as 500 MiB/s of throughput. With the I/O size at the maximum, peak throughput is reached at 2,000 IOPS. A volume provisioned with more than 32,000 IOPS (up to the cap of 64,000 IOPS) supports a maximum I/O size of 16 KiB and yields as much as 1,000 MiB/s of throughput. The following graph illustrates these performance characteristics:

Your per-I/O latency experience depends on the provisioned IOPS and on your workload profile. For the best I/O latency experience, ensure that you provision IOPS to meet the I/O profile of your workload.

Note

Some AWS accounts created before 2012 might have access to Availability Zones in us-west-1 or ap-northeast-1 that do not support Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1) volumes. If you are unable to create an io1 volume (or launch an instance with an io1 volume in its block device mapping) in one of these Regions, try a different Availability Zone in the Region. You can verify that an Availability Zone supports io1 volumes by creating a 4 GiB io1 volume in that zone.

Throughput Optimized HDD (`st1`) volumes

Throughput Optimized HDD (st1) volumes provide low-cost magnetic storage that defines performance in terms of throughput rather than IOPS. This volume type is a good fit for large, sequential workloads such as Amazon EMR, ETL, data warehouses, and log processing. Bootable st1 volumes are not supported.

Throughput Optimized HDD (st1) volumes, though similar to Cold HDD (sc1) volumes, are designed to support frequently accessed data.

This volume type is optimized for workloads involving large, sequential I/O, and we recommend that customers with workloads performing small, random I/O use gp2. For more information, see Inefficiency of small read/writes on HDD.

Throughput credits and burst performance

Like gp2, st1 uses a burst-bucket model for performance. Volume size determines the baseline throughput of your volume, which is the rate at which the volume accumulates throughput credits. Volume size also determines the burst throughput of your volume, which is the rate at which you can spend credits when they are available. Larger volumes have higher baseline and burst throughput. The more credits your volume has, the longer it can drive I/O at the burst level.

The following diagram shows the burst-bucket behavior for st1.

Subject to throughput and throughput-credit caps, the available throughput of an st1 volume is expressed by the following formula:


(Volume size) x (Credit accumulation rate per TiB) = Throughput

For a 1-TiB st1 volume, burst throughput is limited to 250 MiB/s, the bucket fills with credits at 40 MiB/s, and it can hold up to 1 TiB-worth of credits.

Larger volumes scale these limits linearly, with throughput capped at a maximum of 500 MiB/s. After the bucket is depleted, throughput is limited to the baseline rate of 40 MiB/s per TiB.

On volume sizes ranging from 0.5 to 16 TiB, baseline throughput varies from 20 to a cap of 500 MiB/s, which is reached at 12.5 TiB as follows:


            40 MiB/s
12.5 TiB x ---------- = 500 MiB/s
             1 TiB

Burst throughput varies from 125 MiB/s to a cap of 500 MiB/s, which is reached at 2 TiB as follows:


         250 MiB/s
2 TiB x ---------- = 500 MiB/s
          1 TiB

The following table states the full range of base and burst throughput values for st1:

Volume size (TiB)	ST1 base throughput (MiB/s)	ST1 burst throughput (MiB/s)
0.5	20	125
1	40	250
2	80	500
3	120	500
4	160	500
5	200	500
6	240	500
7	280	500
8	320	500
9	360	500
10	400	500
11	440	500
12	480	500
12.5	500	500
13	500	500
14	500	500
15	500	500
16	500	500

The following diagram plots the table values:

Note

When you create a snapshot of a Throughput Optimized HDD (st1) volume, performance may drop as far as the volume's baseline value while the snapshot is in progress.

For information about using CloudWatch metrics and alarms to monitor your burst bucket balance, see Monitoring the burst bucket balance for gp2, st1, and sc1 volumes.

Cold HDD (`sc1`) volumes

Cold HDD (sc1) volumes provide low-cost magnetic storage that defines performance in terms of throughput rather than IOPS. With a lower throughput limit than st1, sc1 is a good fit for large, sequential cold-data workloads. If you require infrequent access to your data and are looking to save costs, sc1 provides inexpensive block storage. Bootable sc1 volumes are not supported.

Cold HDD (sc1) volumes, though similar to Throughput Optimized HDD (st1) volumes, are designed to support infrequently accessed data.

Note

Throughput credits and burst performance

Like gp2, sc1 uses a burst-bucket model for performance. Volume size determines the baseline throughput of your volume, which is the rate at which the volume accumulates throughput credits. Volume size also determines the burst throughput of your volume, which is the rate at which you can spend credits when they are available. Larger volumes have higher baseline and burst throughput. The more credits your volume has, the longer it can drive I/O at the burst level.

Subject to throughput and throughput-credit caps, the available throughput of an sc1 volume is expressed by the following formula:


(Volume size) x (Credit accumulation rate per TiB) = Throughput

For a 1-TiB sc1 volume, burst throughput is limited to 80 MiB/s, the bucket fills with credits at 12 MiB/s, and it can hold up to 1 TiB-worth of credits.

Larger volumes scale these limits linearly, with throughput capped at a maximum of 250 MiB/s. After the bucket is depleted, throughput is limited to the baseline rate of 12 MiB/s per TiB.

On volume sizes ranging from 0.5 to 16 TiB, baseline throughput varies from 6 MiB/s to a maximum of 192 MiB/s, which is reached at 16 TiB as follows:


           12 MiB/s
16 TiB x ---------- = 192 MiB/s
            1 TiB

Burst throughput varies from 40 MiB/s to a cap of 250 MiB/s, which is reached at 3.125 TiB as follows:


             80 MiB/s
3.125 TiB x ----------- = 250 MiB/s
              1 TiB

The following table states the full range of base and burst throughput values for sc1:

Volume Size (TiB)	SC1 Base Throughput (MiB/s)	SC1 Burst Throughput (MiB/s)
0.5	6	40
1	12	80
2	24	160
3	36	240
3.125	37.5	250
4	48	250
5	60	250
6	72	250
7	84	250
8	96	250
9	108	250
10	120	250
11	132	250
12	144	250
13	156	250
14	168	250
15	180	250
16	192	250

The following diagram plots the table values:

Note

When you create a snapshot of a Cold HDD (sc1) volume, performance may drop as far as the volume's baseline value while the snapshot is in progress.

For information about using CloudWatch metrics and alarms to monitor your burst bucket balance, see Monitoring the burst bucket balance for gp2, st1, and sc1 volumes.

Magnetic (`standard`)

Magnetic volumes are backed by magnetic drives and are suited for workloads where data is accessed infrequently, and scenarios where low-cost storage for small volume sizes is important. These volumes deliver approximately 100 IOPS on average, with burst capability of up to hundreds of IOPS, and they can range in size from 1 GiB to 1 TiB.

Note

Magnetic is a previous generation volume type. For new applications, we recommend using one of the newer volume types. For more information, see Previous Generation Volumes.

For information about using CloudWatch metrics and alarms to monitor your burst bucket balance, see Monitoring the burst bucket balance for gp2, st1, and sc1 volumes.

Performance considerations when using HDD volumes

For optimal throughput results using HDD volumes, plan your workloads with the following considerations in mind.

Throughput Optimized HDD vs. Cold HDD

The st1 and sc1 bucket sizes vary according to volume size, and a full bucket contains enough tokens for a full volume scan. However, larger st1 and sc1 volumes take longer for the volume scan to complete due to per-instance and per-volume throughput limits. Volumes attached to smaller instances are limited to the per-instance throughput rather than the st1 or sc1 throughput limits.

Both st1 and sc1 are designed for performance consistency of 90% of burst throughput 99% of the time. Non-compliant periods are approximately uniformly distributed, targeting 99% of expected total throughput each hour.

The following table shows ideal scan times for volumes of various size, assuming full buckets and sufficient instance throughput.

In general, scan times are expressed by this formula:


 Volume size
------------- = Scan time
 Throughput

For example, taking the performance consistency guarantees and other optimizations into account, an st1 customer with a 5-TiB volume can expect to complete a full volume scan in 2.91 to 3.27 hours.


   5 TiB            5 TiB
----------- = ------------------- = 10,486 s = 2.91 hours (optimal) 
 500 MiB/s     0.00047684 TiB/s


               2.91 hours
2.91 hours + -------------- = 3.27 hours (minimum expected)
              (0.90)(0.99) <-- From expected performance of 90% of burst 99% of the time

Similarly, an sc1 customer with a 5-TiB volume can expect to complete a full volume scan in 5.83 to 6.54 hours.


      5 TiB
------------------- = 20972 s = 5.83 hours (optimal) 
 0.000238418 TiB/s


  5.83 hours
-------------- = 6.54 hours (minimum expected)
 (0.90)(0.99)

Volume size (TiB)	ST1 scan time with burst (hours)*	SC1 scan time with burst (hours)*
1	1.17	3.64
2	1.17	3.64
3	1.75	3.64
4	2.33	4.66
5	2.91	5.83
6	3.50	6.99
7	4.08	8.16
8	4.66	9.32
9	5.24	10.49
10	5.83	11.65
11	6.41	12.82
12	6.99	13.98
13	7.57	15.15
14	8.16	16.31
15	8.74	17.48
16	9.32	18.64

* These scan times assume an average queue depth (rounded to the nearest whole number) of four or more when performing 1 MiB of sequential I/O.

Therefore if you have a throughput-oriented workload that needs to complete scans quickly (up to 500 MiB/s), or requires several full volume scans a day, use st1. If you are optimizing for cost, your data is relatively infrequently accessed, and you don’t need more than 250 MiB/s of scanning performance, then use sc1.

Inefficiency of small read/writes on HDD

The performance model for st1 and sc1 volumes is optimized for sequential I/Os, favoring high-throughput workloads, offering acceptable performance on workloads with mixed IOPS and throughput, and discouraging workloads with small, random I/O.

For example, an I/O request of 1 MiB or less counts as a 1 MiB I/O credit. However, if the I/Os are sequential, they are merged into 1 MiB I/O blocks and count only as a 1 MiB I/O credit.

Limitations on per-instance throughput

Throughput for st1 and sc1 volumes is always determined by the smaller of the following:

Throughput limits of the volume
Throughput limits of the instance

As for all Amazon EBS volumes, we recommend that you select an appropriate EBS-optimized EC2 instance in order to avoid network bottlenecks. For more information, see Amazon EBS–optimized instances.

Monitoring the burst bucket balance for `gp2`, `st1`, and `sc1` volumes

You can monitor the burst-bucket level for gp2, st1, and sc1 volumes using the EBS BurstBalance metric available in Amazon CloudWatch. This metric shows the percentage of I/O credits (for gp2) or throughput credits (for st1 and sc1) remaining in the burst bucket. For more information about the BurstBalance metric and other metrics related to I/O, see I/O characteristics and monitoring. CloudWatch also allows you to set an alarm that notifies you when the BurstBalance value falls to a certain level. For more information, see Creating Amazon CloudWatch Alarms.

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Document Conventions

EBS volumes

Size and configuration constraints