Asynchronous invocation

Several AWS services, such as Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) and Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS), invoke functions asynchronously to process events. When you invoke a function asynchronously, you don't wait for a response from the function code. You hand off the event to Lambda and Lambda handles the rest. You can configure how Lambda handles errors, and can send invocation records to a downstream resource such as Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) or Amazon EventBridge (EventBridge) to chain together components of your application.

How Lambda handles asynchronous invocations

The following diagram shows clients invoking a Lambda function asynchronously. Lambda queues the events before sending them to the function.

For asynchronous invocation, Lambda places the event in a queue and returns a success response without additional information. A separate process reads events from the queue and sends them to your function. To invoke a function asynchronously, set the invocation type parameter to Event.

aws lambda invoke \
  --function-name my-function  \
  --invocation-type Event \
  --cli-binary-format raw-in-base64-out \
  --payload '{ "key": "value" }' response.json
  

The cli-binary-format option is required if you're using AWS CLI version 2. To make this the default setting, run aws configure set cli-binary-format raw-in-base64-out. For more information, see AWS CLI supported global command line options in the AWS Command Line Interface User Guide for Version 2.

{
    "StatusCode": 202
}

The output file (response.json) doesn't contain any information, but is still created when you run this command. If Lambda isn't able to add the event to the queue, the error message appears in the command output.

Lambda manages the function's asynchronous event queue and attempts to retry on errors. If the function returns an error, Lambda attempts to run it two more times, with a one-minute wait between the first two attempts, and two minutes between the second and third attempts. Function errors include errors returned by the function's code and errors returned by the function's runtime, such as timeouts.

If the function doesn't have enough concurrency available to process all events, additional requests are throttled. For throttling errors (429) and system errors (500-series), Lambda returns the event to the queue and attempts to run the function again for up to 6 hours. The retry interval increases exponentially from 1 second after the first attempt to a maximum of 5 minutes. If the queue contains many entries, Lambda increases the retry interval and reduces the rate at which it reads events from the queue.

Even if your function doesn't return an error, it's possible for it to receive the same event from Lambda multiple times because the queue itself is eventually consistent. If the function can't keep up with incoming events, events might also be deleted from the queue without being sent to the function. Ensure that your function code gracefully handles duplicate events, and that you have enough concurrency available to handle all invocations.

When the queue is very long, new events might age out before Lambda has a chance to send them to your function. When an event expires or fails all processing attempts, Lambda discards it. You can configure error handling for a function to reduce the number of retries that Lambda performs, or to discard unprocessed events more quickly.

You can also configure Lambda to send an invocation record to another service. Lambda supports the following destinations for asynchronous invocation. Note that SQS FIFO queues and SNS FIFO topics are not supported.

• Amazon SQS – A standard SQS queue.

• Amazon SNS – A standard SNS topic.

• AWS Lambda – A Lambda function.

• Amazon EventBridge – An EventBridge event bus.

The invocation record contains details about the request and response in JSON format. You can configure separate destinations for events that are processed successfully, and events that fail all processing attempts. Alternatively, you can configure a standard Amazon SQS queue or standard Amazon SNS topic as a dead-letter queue for discarded events. For dead-letter queues, Lambda only sends the content of the event, without details about the response.

If Lambda can't send a record to a destination you have configured, it sends a DestinationDeliveryFailures metric to Amazon CloudWatch. This can happen if your configuration includes an unsupported destination type, such as an Amazon SQS FIFO queue or an Amazon SNS FIFO topic. Delivery errors can also occur due to permissions errors and size limits. For more information on Lambda invocation metrics, see Invocation metrics.

Note

To prevent a function from triggering, you can set the function's reserved concurrency to zero. When you set reserved concurrency to zero for an asynchronously invoked function, Lambda begins sending new events to the configured dead-letter queue or the on-failure event destination, without any retries. To process events that were sent while reserved concurrency was set to zero, you must consume the events from the dead-letter queue or the on-failure event destination.

Configuring error handling for asynchronous invocation

Use the Lambda console to configure error handling settings on a function, a version, or an alias.

To configure error handling

1. Open the Functions page of the Lambda console.

2. Choose a function.

3. Choose Configuration and then choose Asynchronous invocation.

4. Under Asynchronous invocation, choose Edit.

5. Configure the following settings.

   • Maximum age of event – The maximum amount of time Lambda retains an event in the asynchronous event queue, up to 6 hours.

   • Retry attempts – The number of times Lambda retries when the function returns an error, between 0 and 2.

6. Choose Save.

When an invocation event exceeds the maximum age or fails all retry attempts, Lambda discards it. To retain a copy of discarded events, configure a failed-event destination.

Configuring destinations for asynchronous invocation

To retain records of asynchronous invocations, add a destination to your function. You can choose to send either successful or failed invocations to a destination. Each function can have multiple destinations, so you can configure separate destinations for successful and failed events. Each record sent to the destination is a JSON document with details about the invocation. Like error handling settings, you can configure destinations on a function, function version, or alias.

Note

You can also retain records of failed invocations for certain event source mapping types. For more information, see Configuring destinations for event source mapping invocations

The following table lists supported destinations for asynchronous invocation records. For Lambda to successfully send records to your chosen destination, ensure that your function's execution role also contains the relevant permissions. The table also describes how each destination type receives the JSON invocation record.

Destination type	Required permission	Destination-specific JSON format
Amazon SQS queue	sqs:SendMessage	Lambda passes the invocation record as the Message to the destination.
Amazon SNS topic	sns:Publish	Lambda passes the invocation record as the Message to the destination.
Lambda function	InvokeFunction	Lambda passes the invocation record as the payload to the function.
EventBridge	events:PutEvents	Lambda passes the invocation record as the detail in the PutEvents call. The value for the source event field is lambda. The value for the detail-type event field is either "Lambda Function Invocation Result - Success" or "Lambda Function Invocation Result - Failure". The resource event field contains the function and destination Amazon Resource Names (ARNs). For other event fields, see Amazon EventBridge events.

The following example shows an invocation record for an event that failed three processing attempts due to a function error. The invocation record contains details about the event, the response, and the reason that the record was sent.

{
    "version": "1.0",
    "timestamp": "2019-11-14T18:16:05.568Z",
    "requestContext": {
        "requestId": "e4b46cbf-b738-xmpl-8880-a18cdf61200e",
        "functionArn": "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-2:123456789012:function:my-function:$LATEST",
        "condition": "RetriesExhausted",
        "approximateInvokeCount": 3
    },
    "requestPayload": {
        "ORDER_IDS": [
            "9e07af03-ce31-4ff3-xmpl-36dce652cb4f",
            "637de236-e7b2-464e-xmpl-baf57f86bb53",
            "a81ddca6-2c35-45c7-xmpl-c3a03a31ed15"
        ]
    },
    "responseContext": {
        "statusCode": 200,
        "executedVersion": "$LATEST",
        "functionError": "Unhandled"
    },
    "responsePayload": {
        "errorMessage": "RequestId: e4b46cbf-b738-xmpl-8880-a18cdf61200e Process exited before completing request"
    }
}

The following steps describe how to configure a destination for a function using the Lambda console.

Configuring a destination for asynchronous invocation records

1. Open the Functions page of the Lambda console.

2. Choose a function.

3. Under Function overview, choose Add destination.

4. For Source, choose Asynchronous invocation.

5. For Condition, choose from the following options:

   • On failure – Send a record when the event fails all processing attempts or exceeds the maximum age.

   • On success – Send a record when the function successfully processes an asynchronous invocation.

6. For Destination type, choose the type of resource that receives the invocation record.

7. For Destination, choose a resource.

8. Choose Save.

When an invocation matches the condition, Lambda sends a JSON document with details about the invocation to the destination.

Destination-specific JSON format

• For Amazon SQS and Amazon SNS (SnsDestination and SqsDestination), the invocation record is passed as the Message to the destination.

• For Lambda (LambdaDestination), the invocation record is passed as the payload to the function.

• For EventBridge (EventBridgeDestination), the invocation record is passed as the detail in the PutEvents call. The value for the source event field is lambda. The value for the detail-type event field is either Lambda Function Invocation Result – Success or Lambda Function Invocation Result – Failure. The resource event field contains the function and destination Amazon Resource Names (ARNs). For other event fields, see Amazon EventBridge events.

The following example shows an invocation record for an event that failed three processing attempts due to a function error.

Example invocation record

{
    "version": "1.0",
    "timestamp": "2019-11-14T18:16:05.568Z",
    "requestContext": {
        "requestId": "e4b46cbf-b738-xmpl-8880-a18cdf61200e",
        "functionArn": "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-2:123456789012:function:my-function:$LATEST",
        "condition": "RetriesExhausted",
        "approximateInvokeCount": 3
    },
    "requestPayload": {
        "ORDER_IDS": [
            "9e07af03-ce31-4ff3-xmpl-36dce652cb4f",
            "637de236-e7b2-464e-xmpl-baf57f86bb53",
            "a81ddca6-2c35-45c7-xmpl-c3a03a31ed15"
        ]
    },
    "responseContext": {
        "statusCode": 200,
        "executedVersion": "$LATEST",
        "functionError": "Unhandled"
    },
    "responsePayload": {
        "errorMessage": "RequestId: e4b46cbf-b738-xmpl-8880-a18cdf61200e Process exited before completing request"
    }
}

The invocation record contains details about the event, the response, and the reason that the record was sent.

Tracing requests to destinations

You can use AWS X-Ray to see a connected view of each request as it's queued, processed by a Lambda function, and passed to the destination service. When you activate X-Ray tracing for a function or a service that invokes a function, Lambda adds an X-Ray header to the request and passes the header to the destination service. Traces from upstream services are automatically linked to traces from downstream Lambda functions and destination services, creating an end-to-end view of the entire application. For more information about tracing, see Using AWS Lambda with AWS X-Ray.

Asynchronous invocation configuration API

To manage asynchronous invocation settings with the AWS CLI or AWS SDK, use the following API operations.

• PutFunctionEventInvokeConfig

• GetFunctionEventInvokeConfig

• UpdateFunctionEventInvokeConfig

• ListFunctionEventInvokeConfigs

• DeleteFunctionEventInvokeConfig

To configure asynchronous invocation with the AWS CLI, use the put-function-event-invoke-config command. The following example configures a function with a maximum event age of 1 hour and no retries.

aws lambda put-function-event-invoke-config --function-name error \
--maximum-event-age-in-seconds 3600 --maximum-retry-attempts 0

You should see the following output:

{
    "LastModified": 1573686021.479,
    "FunctionArn": "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-2:123456789012:function:error:$LATEST",
    "MaximumRetryAttempts": 0,
    "MaximumEventAgeInSeconds": 3600,
    "DestinationConfig": {
        "OnSuccess": {},
        "OnFailure": {}
    }
}

The put-function-event-invoke-config command overwrites any existing configuration on the function, version, or alias. To configure an option without resetting others, use update-function-event-invoke-config. The following example configures Lambda to send a record to a standard SQS queue named destination when an event can't be processed.

aws lambda update-function-event-invoke-config --function-name error \
--destination-config '{"OnFailure":{"Destination": "arn:aws:sqs:us-east-2:123456789012:destination"}}'

You should see the following output:

{
    "LastModified": 1573687896.493,
    "FunctionArn": "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-2:123456789012:function:error:$LATEST",
    "MaximumRetryAttempts": 0,
    "MaximumEventAgeInSeconds": 3600,
    "DestinationConfig": {
        "OnSuccess": {},
        "OnFailure": {
            "Destination": "arn:aws:sqs:us-east-2:123456789012:destination"
        }
    }
}

Dead-letter queues

As an alternative to an on-failure destination, you can configure your function with a dead-letter queue to save discarded events for further processing. A dead-letter queue acts the same as an on-failure destination in that it is used when an event fails all processing attempts or expires without being processed. However, a dead-letter queue is part of a function's version-specific configuration, so it is locked in when you publish a version. On-failure destinations also support additional targets and include details about the function's response in the invocation record.

To reprocess events in a dead-letter queue, you can set it as an event source for your Lambda function. Alternatively, you can manually retrieve the events.

You can choose an Amazon SQS standard queue or Amazon SNS standard topic for your dead-letter queue. FIFO queues and Amazon SNS FIFO topics are not supported. If you don't have a queue or topic, create one. Choose the target type that matches your use case.

• Amazon SQS queue – A queue holds failed events until they're retrieved. Choose an Amazon SQS standard queue if you expect a single entity, such as a Lambda function or CloudWatch alarm, to process the failed event. For more information, see Using Lambda with Amazon SQS.

  Create a queue in the Amazon SQS console.

• Amazon SNS topic – A topic relays failed events to one or more destinations. Choose an Amazon SNS standard topic if you expect multiple entities to act on a failed event. For example, you can configure a topic to send events to an email address, a Lambda function, and/or an HTTP endpoint. For more information, see Using AWS Lambda with Amazon SNS.

  Create a topic in the Amazon SNS console.

To send events to a queue or topic, your function needs additional permissions. Add a policy with the required permissions to your function's execution role.

• Amazon SQS – sqs:SendMessage

• Amazon SNS – sns:Publish

If the target queue or topic is encrypted with a customer managed key, the execution role must also be a user in the key's resource-based policy.

After creating the target and updating your function's execution role, add the dead-letter queue to your function. You can configure multiple functions to send events to the same target.

To configure a dead-letter queue

1. Open the Functions page of the Lambda console.

2. Choose a function.

3. Choose Configuration and then choose Asynchronous invocation.

4. Under Asynchronous invocation, choose Edit.

5. Set DLQ resource to Amazon SQS or Amazon SNS.

6. Choose the target queue or topic.

7. Choose Save.

To configure a dead-letter queue with the AWS CLI, use the update-function-configuration command.

aws lambda update-function-configuration --function-name my-function \
--dead-letter-config TargetArn=arn:aws:sns:us-east-2:123456789012:my-topic

Lambda sends the event to the dead-letter queue as-is, with additional information in attributes. You can use this information to identify the error that the function returned, or to correlate the event with logs or an AWS X-Ray trace.

Dead-letter queue message attributes

• RequestID (String) – The ID of the invocation request. Request IDs appear in function logs. You can also use the X-Ray SDK to record the request ID on an attribute in the trace. You can then search for traces by request ID in the X-Ray console. For an example, see the error processor sample.

• ErrorCode (Number) – The HTTP status code.

• ErrorMessage (String) – The first 1 KB of the error message.

If Lambda can't send a message to the dead-letter queue, it deletes the event and emits the DeadLetterErrors metric. This can happen because of lack of permissions, or if the total size of the message exceeds the limit for the target queue or topic. For example, say that an Amazon SNS notification with a body close to 256 KB in size triggers a function that results in an error. In that case, the event data that Amazon SNS adds, combined with the attributes that Lambda adds, can cause the message to exceed the maximum size allowed in the dead-letter queue.

If you're using Amazon SQS as an event source, configure a dead-letter queue on the Amazon SQS queue itself and not on the Lambda function. For more information, see Using Lambda with Amazon SQS.