Amazon EC2 examples using SDK for Java 2.x - AWS SDK for Java 2.x
ActionsScenarios

Amazon EC2 examples using SDK for Java 2.x

The following code examples show you how to perform actions and implement common scenarios by using the AWS SDK for Java 2.x with Amazon EC2.

Actions are code excerpts from larger programs and must be run in context. While actions show you how to call individual service functions, you can see actions in context in their related scenarios and cross-service examples.

Scenarios are code examples that show you how to accomplish a specific task by calling multiple functions within the same service.

Each example includes a link to GitHub, where you can find instructions on how to set up and run the code in context.

Get started

The following code examples show how to get started using Amazon EC2.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

    public static void describeSecurityGroups(Ec2Client ec2, String groupId) {
        try {
            DescribeSecurityGroupsRequest request = DescribeSecurityGroupsRequest.builder()
                .groupIds(groupId)
                .build();

            // Use a paginator.
            DescribeSecurityGroupsIterable listGroups = ec2.describeSecurityGroupsPaginator(request);
            listGroups.stream()
                .flatMap(r -> r.securityGroups().stream())
                .forEach(group -> System.out
                    .println(" Group id: " +group.groupId() + " group name = " + group.groupName()));

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

Actions

The following code example shows how to use AllocateAddress.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

    public static String allocateAddress(Ec2Client ec2) {
        try {
            AllocateAddressRequest allocateRequest = AllocateAddressRequest.builder()
                    .domain(DomainType.VPC)
                    .build();

            AllocateAddressResponse allocateResponse = ec2.allocateAddress(allocateRequest);
            return allocateResponse.allocationId();

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return "";
    }

  • For API details, see AllocateAddress in AWS SDK for Java 2.x API Reference.

The following code example shows how to use AssociateAddress.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

    public static String associateAddress(Ec2Client ec2, String instanceId, String allocationId) {
        try {
            AssociateAddressRequest associateRequest = AssociateAddressRequest.builder()
                    .instanceId(instanceId)
                    .allocationId(allocationId)
                    .build();

            AssociateAddressResponse associateResponse = ec2.associateAddress(associateRequest);
            return associateResponse.associationId();

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return "";
    }

The following code example shows how to use AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngress.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

    public static String createSecurityGroup(Ec2Client ec2, String groupName, String groupDesc, String vpcId,
            String myIpAddress) {
        try {
            CreateSecurityGroupRequest createRequest = CreateSecurityGroupRequest.builder()
                    .groupName(groupName)
                    .description(groupDesc)
                    .vpcId(vpcId)
                    .build();

            CreateSecurityGroupResponse resp = ec2.createSecurityGroup(createRequest);
            IpRange ipRange = IpRange.builder()
                    .cidrIp(myIpAddress + "/0")
                    .build();

            IpPermission ipPerm = IpPermission.builder()
                    .ipProtocol("tcp")
                    .toPort(80)
                    .fromPort(80)
                    .ipRanges(ipRange)
                    .build();

            IpPermission ipPerm2 = IpPermission.builder()
                    .ipProtocol("tcp")
                    .toPort(22)
                    .fromPort(22)
                    .ipRanges(ipRange)
                    .build();

            AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngressRequest authRequest = AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngressRequest.builder()
                    .groupName(groupName)
                    .ipPermissions(ipPerm, ipPerm2)
                    .build();

            ec2.authorizeSecurityGroupIngress(authRequest);
            System.out.println("Successfully added ingress policy to security group " + groupName);
            return resp.groupId();

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return "";
    }

The following code example shows how to use CreateKeyPair.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

    public static void createKeyPair(Ec2Client ec2, String keyName, String fileName) {
        try {
            CreateKeyPairRequest request = CreateKeyPairRequest.builder()
                    .keyName(keyName)
                    .build();

            CreateKeyPairResponse response = ec2.createKeyPair(request);
            String content = response.keyMaterial();
            BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(fileName));
            writer.write(content);
            writer.close();
            System.out.println("Successfully created key pair named " + keyName);

        } catch (Ec2Exception | IOException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

  • For API details, see CreateKeyPair in AWS SDK for Java 2.x API Reference.

The following code example shows how to use CreateSecurityGroup.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

    public static String createSecurityGroup(Ec2Client ec2, String groupName, String groupDesc, String vpcId,
            String myIpAddress) {
        try {
            CreateSecurityGroupRequest createRequest = CreateSecurityGroupRequest.builder()
                    .groupName(groupName)
                    .description(groupDesc)
                    .vpcId(vpcId)
                    .build();

            CreateSecurityGroupResponse resp = ec2.createSecurityGroup(createRequest);
            IpRange ipRange = IpRange.builder()
                    .cidrIp(myIpAddress + "/0")
                    .build();

            IpPermission ipPerm = IpPermission.builder()
                    .ipProtocol("tcp")
                    .toPort(80)
                    .fromPort(80)
                    .ipRanges(ipRange)
                    .build();

            IpPermission ipPerm2 = IpPermission.builder()
                    .ipProtocol("tcp")
                    .toPort(22)
                    .fromPort(22)
                    .ipRanges(ipRange)
                    .build();

            AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngressRequest authRequest = AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngressRequest.builder()
                    .groupName(groupName)
                    .ipPermissions(ipPerm, ipPerm2)
                    .build();

            ec2.authorizeSecurityGroupIngress(authRequest);
            System.out.println("Successfully added ingress policy to security group " + groupName);
            return resp.groupId();

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return "";
    }

The following code example shows how to use DeleteKeyPair.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

    public static void deleteKeys(Ec2Client ec2, String keyPair) {
        try {
            DeleteKeyPairRequest request = DeleteKeyPairRequest.builder()
                    .keyName(keyPair)
                    .build();

            ec2.deleteKeyPair(request);
            System.out.println("Successfully deleted key pair named " + keyPair);

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

  • For API details, see DeleteKeyPair in AWS SDK for Java 2.x API Reference.

The following code example shows how to use DeleteSecurityGroup.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

    public static void deleteEC2SecGroup(Ec2Client ec2, String groupId) {
        try {
            DeleteSecurityGroupRequest request = DeleteSecurityGroupRequest.builder()
                    .groupId(groupId)
                    .build();

            ec2.deleteSecurityGroup(request);
            System.out.println("Successfully deleted security group with Id " + groupId);

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

The following code example shows how to use DescribeInstanceTypes.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

    // Get a list of instance types.
    public static String getInstanceTypes(Ec2Client ec2) {
        String instanceType;
        try {
            DescribeInstanceTypesRequest typesRequest = DescribeInstanceTypesRequest.builder()
                .maxResults(10)
                .build();

            DescribeInstanceTypesResponse response = ec2.describeInstanceTypes(typesRequest);
            List<InstanceTypeInfo> instanceTypes = response.instanceTypes();
            for (InstanceTypeInfo type : instanceTypes) {
                System.out.println("The memory information of this type is " + type.memoryInfo().sizeInMiB());
                System.out.println("Network information is " + type.networkInfo().toString());
                System.out.println("Instance type is " + type.instanceType().toString());
                instanceType = type.instanceType().toString();
                if (instanceType.compareTo("t2.2xlarge")  == 0){
                    return instanceType;
                }
            }

        } catch (SsmException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return "";
    }

The following code example shows how to use DescribeInstances.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.Ec2Client;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.model.DescribeInstancesRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.model.Ec2Exception;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.paginators.DescribeInstancesIterable;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 */
public class DescribeInstances {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        Ec2Client ec2 = Ec2Client.builder()
            .region(region)
            .build();

        describeEC2Instances(ec2);
        ec2.close();
    }

    public static void describeEC2Instances(Ec2Client ec2) {
        try {
            DescribeInstancesRequest request = DescribeInstancesRequest.builder()
                .maxResults(10)
                .build();

            DescribeInstancesIterable instancesIterable = ec2.describeInstancesPaginator(request);
            instancesIterable.stream()
                .flatMap(r -> r.reservations().stream())
                .flatMap(reservation -> reservation.instances().stream())
                .forEach(instance -> {
                    System.out.println("Instance Id is " + instance.instanceId());
                    System.out.println("Image id is " + instance.imageId());
                    System.out.println("Instance type is " + instance.instanceType());
                    System.out.println("Instance state name is " + instance.state().name());
                    System.out.println("Monitoring information is " + instance.monitoring().state());
                });

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorCode());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }
}

The following code example shows how to use DescribeKeyPairs.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

    public static void describeKeys(Ec2Client ec2) {
        try {
            DescribeKeyPairsResponse response = ec2.describeKeyPairs();
            response.keyPairs().forEach(keyPair -> System.out.printf(
                    "Found key pair with name %s " +
                            "and fingerprint %s",
                    keyPair.keyName(),
                    keyPair.keyFingerprint()));

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

The following code example shows how to use DescribeSecurityGroups.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

    public static void describeSecurityGroups(Ec2Client ec2, String groupId) {
        try {
            DescribeSecurityGroupsRequest request = DescribeSecurityGroupsRequest.builder()
                .groupIds(groupId)
                .build();

            // Use a paginator.
            DescribeSecurityGroupsIterable listGroups = ec2.describeSecurityGroupsPaginator(request);
            listGroups.stream()
                .flatMap(r -> r.securityGroups().stream())
                .forEach(group -> System.out
                    .println(" Group id: " +group.groupId() + " group name = " + group.groupName()));

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

The following code example shows how to use DisassociateAddress.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

    public static void disassociateAddress(Ec2Client ec2, String associationId) {
        try {
            DisassociateAddressRequest addressRequest = DisassociateAddressRequest.builder()
                    .associationId(associationId)
                    .build();

            ec2.disassociateAddress(addressRequest);
            System.out.println("You successfully disassociated the address!");

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

The following code example shows how to use ReleaseAddress.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

    public static void releaseEC2Address(Ec2Client ec2, String allocId) {
        try {
            ReleaseAddressRequest request = ReleaseAddressRequest.builder()
                    .allocationId(allocId)
                    .build();

            ec2.releaseAddress(request);
            System.out.println("Successfully released Elastic IP address " + allocId);
        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

  • For API details, see ReleaseAddress in AWS SDK for Java 2.x API Reference.

The following code example shows how to use RunInstances.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

import software.amazon.awssdk.regions.Region;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.Ec2Client;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.model.InstanceType;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.model.RunInstancesRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.model.RunInstancesResponse;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.model.Tag;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.model.CreateTagsRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.model.Ec2Exception;

/**
 * Before running this Java V2 code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 *
 * This code example requires an AMI value. You can learn more about this value
 * by reading this documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/WindowsGuide/AMIs.html
 */
public class CreateInstance {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final String usage = """

                Usage:
                   <name> <amiId>

                Where:
                   name - An instance name value that you can obtain from the AWS Console (for example, ami-xxxxxx5c8b987b1a0).\s
                   amiId - An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) value that you can obtain from the AWS Console (for example, i-xxxxxx2734106d0ab).\s
                """;

        if (args.length != 2) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        String name = args[0];
        String amiId = args[1];
        Region region = Region.US_EAST_1;
        Ec2Client ec2 = Ec2Client.builder()
            .region(region)
            .build();

        String instanceId = createEC2Instance(ec2, name, amiId);
        System.out.println("The Amazon EC2 Instance ID is " + instanceId);
        ec2.close();
    }

    public static String createEC2Instance(Ec2Client ec2, String name, String amiId) {
        RunInstancesRequest runRequest = RunInstancesRequest.builder()
            .imageId(amiId)
            .instanceType(InstanceType.T1_MICRO)
            .maxCount(1)
            .minCount(1)
            .build();

        // Use a waiter to wait until the instance is running.
        System.out.println("Going to start an EC2 instance using a waiter");
        RunInstancesResponse response = ec2.runInstances(runRequest);
        String instanceIdVal = response.instances().get(0).instanceId();
        ec2.waiter().waitUntilInstanceRunning(r -> r.instanceIds(instanceIdVal));
        Tag tag = Tag.builder()
            .key("Name")
            .value(name)
            .build();

        CreateTagsRequest tagRequest = CreateTagsRequest.builder()
            .resources(instanceIdVal)
            .tags(tag)
            .build();

        try {
            ec2.createTags(tagRequest);
            System.out.printf("Successfully started EC2 Instance %s based on AMI %s", instanceIdVal, amiId);
            return instanceIdVal;

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }

        return "";
    }
}

  • For API details, see RunInstances in AWS SDK for Java 2.x API Reference.

The following code example shows how to use StartInstances.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

    public static void startInstance(Ec2Client ec2, String instanceId) {
        Ec2Waiter ec2Waiter = Ec2Waiter.builder()
                .overrideConfiguration(b -> b.maxAttempts(100))
                .client(ec2)
                .build();

        StartInstancesRequest request = StartInstancesRequest.builder()
                .instanceIds(instanceId)
                .build();

        System.out.println("Use an Ec2Waiter to wait for the instance to run. This will take a few minutes.");
        ec2.startInstances(request);
        DescribeInstancesRequest instanceRequest = DescribeInstancesRequest.builder()
                .instanceIds(instanceId)
                .build();

        WaiterResponse<DescribeInstancesResponse> waiterResponse = ec2Waiter.waitUntilInstanceRunning(instanceRequest);
        waiterResponse.matched().response().ifPresent(System.out::println);
        System.out.println("Successfully started instance " + instanceId);
    }

  • For API details, see StartInstances in AWS SDK for Java 2.x API Reference.

The following code example shows how to use StopInstances.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

    public static void stopInstance(Ec2Client ec2, String instanceId) {
        Ec2Waiter ec2Waiter = Ec2Waiter.builder()
                .overrideConfiguration(b -> b.maxAttempts(100))
                .client(ec2)
                .build();
        StopInstancesRequest request = StopInstancesRequest.builder()
                .instanceIds(instanceId)
                .build();

        System.out.println("Use an Ec2Waiter to wait for the instance to stop. This will take a few minutes.");
        ec2.stopInstances(request);
        DescribeInstancesRequest instanceRequest = DescribeInstancesRequest.builder()
                .instanceIds(instanceId)
                .build();

        WaiterResponse<DescribeInstancesResponse> waiterResponse = ec2Waiter.waitUntilInstanceStopped(instanceRequest);
        waiterResponse.matched().response().ifPresent(System.out::println);
        System.out.println("Successfully stopped instance " + instanceId);
    }

  • For API details, see StopInstances in AWS SDK for Java 2.x API Reference.

The following code example shows how to use TerminateInstances.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

    public static void terminateEC2(Ec2Client ec2, String instanceId) {
        try {
            Ec2Waiter ec2Waiter = Ec2Waiter.builder()
                    .overrideConfiguration(b -> b.maxAttempts(100))
                    .client(ec2)
                    .build();

            TerminateInstancesRequest ti = TerminateInstancesRequest.builder()
                    .instanceIds(instanceId)
                    .build();

            System.out.println("Use an Ec2Waiter to wait for the instance to terminate. This will take a few minutes.");
            ec2.terminateInstances(ti);
            DescribeInstancesRequest instanceRequest = DescribeInstancesRequest.builder()
                    .instanceIds(instanceId)
                    .build();

            WaiterResponse<DescribeInstancesResponse> waiterResponse = ec2Waiter
                    .waitUntilInstanceTerminated(instanceRequest);
            waiterResponse.matched().response().ifPresent(System.out::println);
            System.out.println("Successfully started instance " + instanceId);
            System.out.println(instanceId + " is terminated!");

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

Scenarios

The following code example shows how to create a load-balanced web service that returns book, movie, and song recommendations. The example shows how the service responds to failures, and how to restructure the service for more resilience when failures occur.

  • Use an Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling group to create Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances based on a launch template and to keep the number of instances in a specified range.

  • Handle and distribute HTTP requests with Elastic Load Balancing.

  • Monitor the health of instances in an Auto Scaling group and forward requests only to healthy instances.

  • Run a Python web server on each EC2 instance to handle HTTP requests. The web server responds with recommendations and health checks.

  • Simulate a recommendation service with an Amazon DynamoDB table.

  • Control web server response to requests and health checks by updating AWS Systems Manager parameters.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository.

Run the interactive scenario at a command prompt.

public class Main {

    public static final String fileName = "C:\\AWS\\resworkflow\\recommendations.json"; // Modify file location.
    public static final String tableName = "doc-example-recommendation-service";
    public static final String startScript = "C:\\AWS\\resworkflow\\server_startup_script.sh"; // Modify file location.
    public static final String policyFile = "C:\\AWS\\resworkflow\\instance_policy.json"; // Modify file location.
    public static final String ssmJSON = "C:\\AWS\\resworkflow\\ssm_only_policy.json"; // Modify file location.
    public static final String failureResponse = "doc-example-resilient-architecture-failure-response";
    public static final String healthCheck = "doc-example-resilient-architecture-health-check";
    public static final String templateName = "doc-example-resilience-template";
    public static final String roleName = "doc-example-resilience-role";
    public static final String policyName = "doc-example-resilience-pol";
    public static final String profileName = "doc-example-resilience-prof";

    public static final String badCredsProfileName = "doc-example-resilience-prof-bc";

    public static final String targetGroupName = "doc-example-resilience-tg";
    public static final String autoScalingGroupName = "doc-example-resilience-group";
    public static final String lbName = "doc-example-resilience-lb";
    public static final String protocol = "HTTP";
    public static final int port = 80;

    public static final String DASHES = new String(new char[80]).replace("\0", "-");

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
        Database database = new Database();
        AutoScaler autoScaler = new AutoScaler();
        LoadBalancer loadBalancer = new LoadBalancer();

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("Welcome to the demonstration of How to Build and Manage a Resilient Service!");
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("A - SETUP THE RESOURCES");
        System.out.println("Press Enter when you're ready to start deploying resources.");
        in.nextLine();
        deploy(loadBalancer);
        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("B - DEMO THE RESILIENCE FUNCTIONALITY");
        System.out.println("Press Enter when you're ready.");
        in.nextLine();
        demo(loadBalancer);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("C - DELETE THE RESOURCES");
        System.out.println("""
                This concludes the demo of how to build and manage a resilient service.
                To keep things tidy and to avoid unwanted charges on your account, we can clean up all AWS resources
                that were created for this demo.
                """);

        System.out.println("\n Do you want to delete the resources (y/n)? ");
        String userInput = in.nextLine().trim().toLowerCase(); // Capture user input

        if (userInput.equals("y")) {
            // Delete resources here
            deleteResources(loadBalancer, autoScaler, database);
            System.out.println("Resources deleted.");
        } else {
            System.out.println("""
                    Okay, we'll leave the resources intact.
                    Don't forget to delete them when you're done with them or you might incur unexpected charges.
                    """);
        }
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("The example has completed. ");
        System.out.println("\n Thanks for watching!");
        System.out.println(DASHES);
    }

    // Deletes the AWS resources used in this example.
    private static void deleteResources(LoadBalancer loadBalancer, AutoScaler autoScaler, Database database)
            throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        loadBalancer.deleteLoadBalancer(lbName);
        System.out.println("*** Wait 30 secs for resource to be deleted");
        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(30);
        loadBalancer.deleteTargetGroup(targetGroupName);
        autoScaler.deleteAutoScaleGroup(autoScalingGroupName);
        autoScaler.deleteRolesPolicies(policyName, roleName, profileName);
        autoScaler.deleteTemplate(templateName);
        database.deleteTable(tableName);
    }

    private static void deploy(LoadBalancer loadBalancer) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.println(
                """
                        For this demo, we'll use the AWS SDK for Java (v2) to create several AWS resources
                        to set up a load-balanced web service endpoint and explore some ways to make it resilient
                        against various kinds of failures.

                        Some of the resources create by this demo are:
                        \t* A DynamoDB table that the web service depends on to provide book, movie, and song recommendations.
                        \t* An EC2 launch template that defines EC2 instances that each contain a Python web server.
                        \t* An EC2 Auto Scaling group that manages EC2 instances across several Availability Zones.
                        \t* An Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) load balancer that targets the Auto Scaling group to distribute requests.
                        """);

        System.out.println("Press Enter when you're ready.");
        in.nextLine();
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("Creating and populating a DynamoDB table named " + tableName);
        Database database = new Database();
        database.createTable(tableName, fileName);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("""
                Creating an EC2 launch template that runs '{startup_script}' when an instance starts.
                This script starts a Python web server defined in the `server.py` script. The web server
                listens to HTTP requests on port 80 and responds to requests to '/' and to '/healthcheck'.
                For demo purposes, this server is run as the root user. In production, the best practice is to
                run a web server, such as Apache, with least-privileged credentials.

                The template also defines an IAM policy that each instance uses to assume a role that grants
                permissions to access the DynamoDB recommendation table and Systems Manager parameters
                that control the flow of the demo.
                """);

        LaunchTemplateCreator templateCreator = new LaunchTemplateCreator();
        templateCreator.createTemplate(policyFile, policyName, profileName, startScript, templateName, roleName);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println(
                "Creating an EC2 Auto Scaling group that maintains three EC2 instances, each in a different Availability Zone.");
        System.out.println("*** Wait 30 secs for the VPC to be created");
        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(30);
        AutoScaler autoScaler = new AutoScaler();
        String[] zones = autoScaler.createGroup(3, templateName, autoScalingGroupName);

        System.out.println("""
                At this point, you have EC2 instances created. Once each instance starts, it listens for
                HTTP requests. You can see these instances in the console or continue with the demo.
                Press Enter when you're ready to continue.
                """);

        in.nextLine();
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("Creating variables that control the flow of the demo.");
        ParameterHelper paramHelper = new ParameterHelper();
        paramHelper.reset();
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("""
                Creating an Elastic Load Balancing target group and load balancer. The target group
                defines how the load balancer connects to instances. The load balancer provides a
                single endpoint where clients connect and dispatches requests to instances in the group.
                """);

        String vpcId = autoScaler.getDefaultVPC();
        List<Subnet> subnets = autoScaler.getSubnets(vpcId, zones);
        System.out.println("You have retrieved a list with " + subnets.size() + " subnets");
        String targetGroupArn = loadBalancer.createTargetGroup(protocol, port, vpcId, targetGroupName);
        String elbDnsName = loadBalancer.createLoadBalancer(subnets, targetGroupArn, lbName, port, protocol);
        autoScaler.attachLoadBalancerTargetGroup(autoScalingGroupName, targetGroupArn);
        System.out.println("Verifying access to the load balancer endpoint...");
        boolean wasSuccessul = loadBalancer.verifyLoadBalancerEndpoint(elbDnsName);
        if (!wasSuccessul) {
            System.out.println("Couldn't connect to the load balancer, verifying that the port is open...");
            CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();

            // Create an HTTP GET request to "http://checkip.amazonaws.com"
            HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet("http://checkip.amazonaws.com");
            try {
                // Execute the request and get the response
                HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);

                // Read the response content.
                String ipAddress = IOUtils.toString(response.getEntity().getContent(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8).trim();

                // Print the public IP address.
                System.out.println("Public IP Address: " + ipAddress);
                GroupInfo groupInfo = autoScaler.verifyInboundPort(vpcId, port, ipAddress);
                if (!groupInfo.isPortOpen()) {
                    System.out.println("""
                            For this example to work, the default security group for your default VPC must
                            allow access from this computer. You can either add it automatically from this
                            example or add it yourself using the AWS Management Console.
                            """);

                    System.out.println(
                            "Do you want to add a rule to security group " + groupInfo.getGroupName() + " to allow");
                    System.out.println("inbound traffic on port " + port + " from your computer's IP address (y/n) ");
                    String ans = in.nextLine();
                    if ("y".equalsIgnoreCase(ans)) {
                        autoScaler.openInboundPort(groupInfo.getGroupName(), String.valueOf(port), ipAddress);
                        System.out.println("Security group rule added.");
                    } else {
                        System.out.println("No security group rule added.");
                    }
                }

            } catch (AutoScalingException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        } else if (wasSuccessul) {
            System.out.println("Your load balancer is ready. You can access it by browsing to:");
            System.out.println("\t http://" + elbDnsName);
        } else {
            System.out.println("Couldn't get a successful response from the load balancer endpoint. Troubleshoot by");
            System.out.println("manually verifying that your VPC and security group are configured correctly and that");
            System.out.println("you can successfully make a GET request to the load balancer.");
        }

        System.out.println("Press Enter when you're ready to continue with the demo.");
        in.nextLine();
    }

    // A method that controls the demo part of the Java program.
    public static void demo(LoadBalancer loadBalancer) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        ParameterHelper paramHelper = new ParameterHelper();
        System.out.println("Read the ssm_only_policy.json file");
        String ssmOnlyPolicy = readFileAsString(ssmJSON);

        System.out.println("Resetting parameters to starting values for demo.");
        paramHelper.reset();

        System.out.println(
                """
                         This part of the demonstration shows how to toggle different parts of the system
                         to create situations where the web service fails, and shows how using a resilient
                         architecture can keep the web service running in spite of these failures.

                         At the start, the load balancer endpoint returns recommendations and reports that all targets are healthy.
                        """);
        demoChoices(loadBalancer);

        System.out.println(
                """
                         The web service running on the EC2 instances gets recommendations by querying a DynamoDB table.
                         The table name is contained in a Systems Manager parameter named self.param_helper.table.
                         To simulate a failure of the recommendation service, let's set this parameter to name a non-existent table.
                        """);
        paramHelper.put(paramHelper.tableName, "this-is-not-a-table");

        System.out.println(
                """
                         \nNow, sending a GET request to the load balancer endpoint returns a failure code. But, the service reports as
                         healthy to the load balancer because shallow health checks don't check for failure of the recommendation service.
                        """);
        demoChoices(loadBalancer);

        System.out.println(
                """
                        Instead of failing when the recommendation service fails, the web service can return a static response.
                        While this is not a perfect solution, it presents the customer with a somewhat better experience than failure.
                        """);
        paramHelper.put(paramHelper.failureResponse, "static");

        System.out.println("""
                Now, sending a GET request to the load balancer endpoint returns a static response.
                The service still reports as healthy because health checks are still shallow.
                """);
        demoChoices(loadBalancer);

        System.out.println("Let's reinstate the recommendation service.");
        paramHelper.put(paramHelper.tableName, paramHelper.dyntable);

        System.out.println("""
                Let's also substitute bad credentials for one of the instances in the target group so that it can't
                access the DynamoDB recommendation table. We will get an instance id value.
                """);

        LaunchTemplateCreator templateCreator = new LaunchTemplateCreator();
        AutoScaler autoScaler = new AutoScaler();

        // Create a new instance profile based on badCredsProfileName.
        templateCreator.createInstanceProfile(policyFile, policyName, badCredsProfileName, roleName);
        String badInstanceId = autoScaler.getBadInstance(autoScalingGroupName);
        System.out.println("The bad instance id values used for this demo is " + badInstanceId);

        String profileAssociationId = autoScaler.getInstanceProfile(badInstanceId);
        System.out.println("The association Id value is " + profileAssociationId);
        System.out.println("Replacing the profile for instance " + badInstanceId
                + " with a profile that contains bad credentials");
        autoScaler.replaceInstanceProfile(badInstanceId, badCredsProfileName, profileAssociationId);

        System.out.println(
                """
                        Now, sending a GET request to the load balancer endpoint returns either a recommendation or a static response,
                        depending on which instance is selected by the load balancer.
                        """);

        demoChoices(loadBalancer);

        System.out.println("""
                Let's implement a deep health check. For this demo, a deep health check tests whether
                the web service can access the DynamoDB table that it depends on for recommendations. Note that
                the deep health check is only for ELB routing and not for Auto Scaling instance health.
                This kind of deep health check is not recommended for Auto Scaling instance health, because it
                risks accidental termination of all instances in the Auto Scaling group when a dependent service fails.
                """);

        System.out.println("""
                By implementing deep health checks, the load balancer can detect when one of the instances is failing
                and take that instance out of rotation.
                """);

        paramHelper.put(paramHelper.healthCheck, "deep");

        System.out.println("""
                Now, checking target health indicates that the instance with bad credentials
                is unhealthy. Note that it might take a minute or two for the load balancer to detect the unhealthy
                instance. Sending a GET request to the load balancer endpoint always returns a recommendation, because
                the load balancer takes unhealthy instances out of its rotation.
                """);

        demoChoices(loadBalancer);

        System.out.println(
                """
                        Because the instances in this demo are controlled by an auto scaler, the simplest way to fix an unhealthy
                        instance is to terminate it and let the auto scaler start a new instance to replace it.
                        """);
        autoScaler.terminateInstance(badInstanceId);

        System.out.println("""
                Even while the instance is terminating and the new instance is starting, sending a GET
                request to the web service continues to get a successful recommendation response because
                the load balancer routes requests to the healthy instances. After the replacement instance
                starts and reports as healthy, it is included in the load balancing rotation.
                Note that terminating and replacing an instance typically takes several minutes, during which time you
                can see the changing health check status until the new instance is running and healthy.
                """);

        demoChoices(loadBalancer);
        System.out.println(
                "If the recommendation service fails now, deep health checks mean all instances report as unhealthy.");
        paramHelper.put(paramHelper.tableName, "this-is-not-a-table");

        demoChoices(loadBalancer);
        paramHelper.reset();
    }

    public static void demoChoices(LoadBalancer loadBalancer) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        String[] actions = {
                "Send a GET request to the load balancer endpoint.",
                "Check the health of load balancer targets.",
                "Go to the next part of the demo."
        };
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

        while (true) {
            System.out.println("-".repeat(88));
            System.out.println("See the current state of the service by selecting one of the following choices:");
            for (int i = 0; i < actions.length; i++) {
                System.out.println(i + ": " + actions[i]);
            }

            try {
                System.out.print("\nWhich action would you like to take? ");
                int choice = scanner.nextInt();
                System.out.println("-".repeat(88));

                switch (choice) {
                    case 0 -> {
                        System.out.println("Request:\n");
                        System.out.println("GET http://" + loadBalancer.getEndpoint(lbName));
                        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();

                        // Create an HTTP GET request to the ELB.
                        HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet("http://" + loadBalancer.getEndpoint(lbName));

                        // Execute the request and get the response.
                        HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
                        int statusCode = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
                        System.out.println("HTTP Status Code: " + statusCode);

                        // Display the JSON response
                        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(
                                new InputStreamReader(response.getEntity().getContent()));
                        StringBuilder jsonResponse = new StringBuilder();
                        String line;
                        while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
                            jsonResponse.append(line);
                        }
                        reader.close();

                        // Print the formatted JSON response.
                        System.out.println("Full Response:\n");
                        System.out.println(jsonResponse.toString());

                        // Close the HTTP client.
                        httpClient.close();

                    }
                    case 1 -> {
                        System.out.println("\nChecking the health of load balancer targets:\n");
                        List<TargetHealthDescription> health = loadBalancer.checkTargetHealth(targetGroupName);
                        for (TargetHealthDescription target : health) {
                            System.out.printf("\tTarget %s on port %d is %s%n", target.target().id(),
                                    target.target().port(), target.targetHealth().stateAsString());
                        }
                        System.out.println("""
                                Note that it can take a minute or two for the health check to update
                                after changes are made.
                                """);
                    }
                    case 2 -> {
                        System.out.println("\nOkay, let's move on.");
                        System.out.println("-".repeat(88));
                        return; // Exit the method when choice is 2
                    }
                    default -> System.out.println("You must choose a value between 0-2. Please select again.");
                }

            } catch (java.util.InputMismatchException e) {
                System.out.println("Invalid input. Please select again.");
                scanner.nextLine(); // Clear the input buffer.
            }
        }
    }

    public static String readFileAsString(String filePath) throws IOException {
        byte[] bytes = Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get(filePath));
        return new String(bytes);
    }
}

Create a class that wraps Auto Scaling and Amazon EC2 actions.

public class AutoScaler {

    private static Ec2Client ec2Client;
    private static AutoScalingClient autoScalingClient;
    private static IamClient iamClient;

    private static SsmClient ssmClient;

    private IamClient getIAMClient() {
        if (iamClient == null) {
            iamClient = IamClient.builder()
                    .region(Region.US_EAST_1)
                    .build();
        }
        return iamClient;
    }

    private SsmClient getSSMClient() {
        if (ssmClient == null) {
            ssmClient = SsmClient.builder()
                    .region(Region.US_EAST_1)
                    .build();
        }
        return ssmClient;
    }

    private Ec2Client getEc2Client() {
        if (ec2Client == null) {
            ec2Client = Ec2Client.builder()
                    .region(Region.US_EAST_1)
                    .build();
        }
        return ec2Client;
    }

    private AutoScalingClient getAutoScalingClient() {
        if (autoScalingClient == null) {
            autoScalingClient = AutoScalingClient.builder()
                    .region(Region.US_EAST_1)
                    .build();
        }
        return autoScalingClient;
    }

    /**
     * Terminates and instances in an EC2 Auto Scaling group. After an instance is
     * terminated, it can no longer be accessed.
     */
    public void terminateInstance(String instanceId) {
        TerminateInstanceInAutoScalingGroupRequest terminateInstanceIRequest = TerminateInstanceInAutoScalingGroupRequest
                .builder()
                .instanceId(instanceId)
                .shouldDecrementDesiredCapacity(false)
                .build();

        getAutoScalingClient().terminateInstanceInAutoScalingGroup(terminateInstanceIRequest);
        System.out.format("Terminated instance %s.", instanceId);
    }

    /**
     * Replaces the profile associated with a running instance. After the profile is
     * replaced, the instance is rebooted to ensure that it uses the new profile.
     * When
     * the instance is ready, Systems Manager is used to restart the Python web
     * server.
     */
    public void replaceInstanceProfile(String instanceId, String newInstanceProfileName, String profileAssociationId)
            throws InterruptedException {
        // Create an IAM instance profile specification.
        software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.model.IamInstanceProfileSpecification iamInstanceProfile = software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.model.IamInstanceProfileSpecification
                .builder()
                .name(newInstanceProfileName) // Make sure 'newInstanceProfileName' is a valid IAM Instance Profile
                                              // name.
                .build();

        // Replace the IAM instance profile association for the EC2 instance.
        ReplaceIamInstanceProfileAssociationRequest replaceRequest = ReplaceIamInstanceProfileAssociationRequest
                .builder()
                .iamInstanceProfile(iamInstanceProfile)
                .associationId(profileAssociationId) // Make sure 'profileAssociationId' is a valid association ID.
                .build();

        try {
            getEc2Client().replaceIamInstanceProfileAssociation(replaceRequest);
            // Handle the response as needed.
        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            // Handle exceptions, log, or report the error.
            System.err.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
        }
        System.out.format("Replaced instance profile for association %s with profile %s.", profileAssociationId,
                newInstanceProfileName);
        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(15);
        boolean instReady = false;
        int tries = 0;

        // Reboot after 60 seconds
        while (!instReady) {
            if (tries % 6 == 0) {
                getEc2Client().rebootInstances(RebootInstancesRequest.builder()
                        .instanceIds(instanceId)
                        .build());
                System.out.println("Rebooting instance " + instanceId + " and waiting for it to be ready.");
            }
            tries++;
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(10);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }

            DescribeInstanceInformationResponse informationResponse = getSSMClient().describeInstanceInformation();
            List<InstanceInformation> instanceInformationList = informationResponse.instanceInformationList();
            for (InstanceInformation info : instanceInformationList) {
                if (info.instanceId().equals(instanceId)) {
                    instReady = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        SendCommandRequest sendCommandRequest = SendCommandRequest.builder()
                .instanceIds(instanceId)
                .documentName("AWS-RunShellScript")
                .parameters(Collections.singletonMap("commands",
                        Collections.singletonList("cd / && sudo python3 server.py 80")))
                .build();

        getSSMClient().sendCommand(sendCommandRequest);
        System.out.println("Restarted the Python web server on instance " + instanceId + ".");
    }

    public void openInboundPort(String secGroupId, String port, String ipAddress) {
        AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngressRequest ingressRequest = AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngressRequest.builder()
                .groupName(secGroupId)
                .cidrIp(ipAddress)
                .fromPort(Integer.parseInt(port))
                .build();

        getEc2Client().authorizeSecurityGroupIngress(ingressRequest);
        System.out.format("Authorized ingress to %s on port %s from %s.", secGroupId, port, ipAddress);
    }

    /**
     * Detaches a role from an instance profile, detaches policies from the role,
     * and deletes all the resources.
     */
    public void deleteInstanceProfile(String roleName, String profileName) {
        try {
            software.amazon.awssdk.services.iam.model.GetInstanceProfileRequest getInstanceProfileRequest = software.amazon.awssdk.services.iam.model.GetInstanceProfileRequest
                    .builder()
                    .instanceProfileName(profileName)
                    .build();

            GetInstanceProfileResponse response = getIAMClient().getInstanceProfile(getInstanceProfileRequest);
            String name = response.instanceProfile().instanceProfileName();
            System.out.println(name);

            RemoveRoleFromInstanceProfileRequest profileRequest = RemoveRoleFromInstanceProfileRequest.builder()
                    .instanceProfileName(profileName)
                    .roleName(roleName)
                    .build();

            getIAMClient().removeRoleFromInstanceProfile(profileRequest);
            DeleteInstanceProfileRequest deleteInstanceProfileRequest = DeleteInstanceProfileRequest.builder()
                    .instanceProfileName(profileName)
                    .build();

            getIAMClient().deleteInstanceProfile(deleteInstanceProfileRequest);
            System.out.println("Deleted instance profile " + profileName);

            DeleteRoleRequest deleteRoleRequest = DeleteRoleRequest.builder()
                    .roleName(roleName)
                    .build();

            // List attached role policies.
            ListAttachedRolePoliciesResponse rolesResponse = getIAMClient()
                    .listAttachedRolePolicies(role -> role.roleName(roleName));
            List<AttachedPolicy> attachedPolicies = rolesResponse.attachedPolicies();
            for (AttachedPolicy attachedPolicy : attachedPolicies) {
                DetachRolePolicyRequest request = DetachRolePolicyRequest.builder()
                        .roleName(roleName)
                        .policyArn(attachedPolicy.policyArn())
                        .build();

                getIAMClient().detachRolePolicy(request);
                System.out.println("Detached and deleted policy " + attachedPolicy.policyName());
            }

            getIAMClient().deleteRole(deleteRoleRequest);
            System.out.println("Instance profile and role deleted.");

        } catch (IamException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public void deleteTemplate(String templateName) {
        getEc2Client().deleteLaunchTemplate(name -> name.launchTemplateName(templateName));
        System.out.format(templateName + " was deleted.");
    }

    public void deleteAutoScaleGroup(String groupName) {
        DeleteAutoScalingGroupRequest deleteAutoScalingGroupRequest = DeleteAutoScalingGroupRequest.builder()
                .autoScalingGroupName(groupName)
                .forceDelete(true)
                .build();

        getAutoScalingClient().deleteAutoScalingGroup(deleteAutoScalingGroupRequest);
        System.out.println(groupName + " was deleted.");
    }

    /*
     * Verify the default security group of the specified VPC allows ingress from
     * this
     * computer. This can be done by allowing ingress from this computer's IP
     * address. In some situations, such as connecting from a corporate network, you
     * must instead specify a prefix list ID. You can also temporarily open the port
     * to
     * any IP address while running this example. If you do, be sure to remove
     * public
     * access when you're done.
     * 
     */
    public GroupInfo verifyInboundPort(String VPC, int port, String ipAddress) {
        boolean portIsOpen = false;
        GroupInfo groupInfo = new GroupInfo();
        try {
            Filter filter = Filter.builder()
                    .name("group-name")
                    .values("default")
                    .build();

            Filter filter1 = Filter.builder()
                    .name("vpc-id")
                    .values(VPC)
                    .build();

            DescribeSecurityGroupsRequest securityGroupsRequest = DescribeSecurityGroupsRequest.builder()
                    .filters(filter, filter1)
                    .build();

            DescribeSecurityGroupsResponse securityGroupsResponse = getEc2Client()
                    .describeSecurityGroups(securityGroupsRequest);
            String securityGroup = securityGroupsResponse.securityGroups().get(0).groupName();
            groupInfo.setGroupName(securityGroup);

            for (SecurityGroup secGroup : securityGroupsResponse.securityGroups()) {
                System.out.println("Found security group: " + secGroup.groupId());

                for (IpPermission ipPermission : secGroup.ipPermissions()) {
                    if (ipPermission.fromPort() == port) {
                        System.out.println("Found inbound rule: " + ipPermission);
                        for (IpRange ipRange : ipPermission.ipRanges()) {
                            String cidrIp = ipRange.cidrIp();
                            if (cidrIp.startsWith(ipAddress) || cidrIp.equals("0.0.0.0/0")) {
                                System.out.println(cidrIp + " is applicable");
                                portIsOpen = true;
                            }
                        }

                        if (!ipPermission.prefixListIds().isEmpty()) {
                            System.out.println("Prefix lList is applicable");
                            portIsOpen = true;
                        }

                        if (!portIsOpen) {
                            System.out
                                    .println("The inbound rule does not appear to be open to either this computer's IP,"
                                            + " all IP addresses (0.0.0.0/0), or to a prefix list ID.");
                        } else {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

        } catch (AutoScalingException e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
        }

        groupInfo.setPortOpen(portIsOpen);
        return groupInfo;
    }

    /*
     * Attaches an Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) target group to this EC2 Auto
     * Scaling group.
     * The target group specifies how the load balancer forward requests to the
     * instances
     * in the group.
     */
    public void attachLoadBalancerTargetGroup(String asGroupName, String targetGroupARN) {
        try {
            AttachLoadBalancerTargetGroupsRequest targetGroupsRequest = AttachLoadBalancerTargetGroupsRequest.builder()
                    .autoScalingGroupName(asGroupName)
                    .targetGroupARNs(targetGroupARN)
                    .build();

            getAutoScalingClient().attachLoadBalancerTargetGroups(targetGroupsRequest);
            System.out.println("Attached load balancer to " + asGroupName);

        } catch (AutoScalingException e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    // Creates an EC2 Auto Scaling group with the specified size.
    public String[] createGroup(int groupSize, String templateName, String autoScalingGroupName) {

        // Get availability zones.
        software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.model.DescribeAvailabilityZonesRequest zonesRequest = software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.model.DescribeAvailabilityZonesRequest
                .builder()
                .build();

        DescribeAvailabilityZonesResponse zonesResponse = getEc2Client().describeAvailabilityZones(zonesRequest);
        List<String> availabilityZoneNames = zonesResponse.availabilityZones().stream()
                .map(software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.model.AvailabilityZone::zoneName)
                .collect(Collectors.toList());

        String availabilityZones = String.join(",", availabilityZoneNames);
        LaunchTemplateSpecification specification = LaunchTemplateSpecification.builder()
                .launchTemplateName(templateName)
                .version("$Default")
                .build();

        String[] zones = availabilityZones.split(",");
        CreateAutoScalingGroupRequest groupRequest = CreateAutoScalingGroupRequest.builder()
                .launchTemplate(specification)
                .availabilityZones(zones)
                .maxSize(groupSize)
                .minSize(groupSize)
                .autoScalingGroupName(autoScalingGroupName)
                .build();

        try {
            getAutoScalingClient().createAutoScalingGroup(groupRequest);

        } catch (AutoScalingException e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        System.out.println("Created an EC2 Auto Scaling group named " + autoScalingGroupName);
        return zones;
    }

    public String getDefaultVPC() {
        // Define the filter.
        Filter defaultFilter = Filter.builder()
                .name("is-default")
                .values("true")
                .build();

        software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.model.DescribeVpcsRequest request = software.amazon.awssdk.services.ec2.model.DescribeVpcsRequest
                .builder()
                .filters(defaultFilter)
                .build();

        DescribeVpcsResponse response = getEc2Client().describeVpcs(request);
        return response.vpcs().get(0).vpcId();
    }

    // Gets the default subnets in a VPC for a specified list of Availability Zones.
    public List<Subnet> getSubnets(String vpcId, String[] availabilityZones) {
        List<Subnet> subnets = null;
        Filter vpcFilter = Filter.builder()
                .name("vpc-id")
                .values(vpcId)
                .build();

        Filter azFilter = Filter.builder()
                .name("availability-zone")
                .values(availabilityZones)
                .build();

        Filter defaultForAZ = Filter.builder()
                .name("default-for-az")
                .values("true")
                .build();

        DescribeSubnetsRequest request = DescribeSubnetsRequest.builder()
                .filters(vpcFilter, azFilter, defaultForAZ)
                .build();

        DescribeSubnetsResponse response = getEc2Client().describeSubnets(request);
        subnets = response.subnets();
        return subnets;
    }

    // Gets data about the instances in the EC2 Auto Scaling group.
    public String getBadInstance(String groupName) {
        DescribeAutoScalingGroupsRequest request = DescribeAutoScalingGroupsRequest.builder()
                .autoScalingGroupNames(groupName)
                .build();

        DescribeAutoScalingGroupsResponse response = getAutoScalingClient().describeAutoScalingGroups(request);
        AutoScalingGroup autoScalingGroup = response.autoScalingGroups().get(0);
        List<String> instanceIds = autoScalingGroup.instances().stream()
                .map(instance -> instance.instanceId())
                .collect(Collectors.toList());

        String[] instanceIdArray = instanceIds.toArray(new String[0]);
        for (String instanceId : instanceIdArray) {
            System.out.println("Instance ID: " + instanceId);
            return instanceId;
        }
        return "";
    }

    // Gets data about the profile associated with an instance.
    public String getInstanceProfile(String instanceId) {
        Filter filter = Filter.builder()
                .name("instance-id")
                .values(instanceId)
                .build();

        DescribeIamInstanceProfileAssociationsRequest associationsRequest = DescribeIamInstanceProfileAssociationsRequest
                .builder()
                .filters(filter)
                .build();

        DescribeIamInstanceProfileAssociationsResponse response = getEc2Client()
                .describeIamInstanceProfileAssociations(associationsRequest);
        return response.iamInstanceProfileAssociations().get(0).associationId();
    }

    public void deleteRolesPolicies(String policyName, String roleName, String InstanceProfile) {
        ListPoliciesRequest listPoliciesRequest = ListPoliciesRequest.builder().build();
        ListPoliciesResponse listPoliciesResponse = getIAMClient().listPolicies(listPoliciesRequest);
        for (Policy policy : listPoliciesResponse.policies()) {
            if (policy.policyName().equals(policyName)) {
                // List the entities (users, groups, roles) that are attached to the policy.
                software.amazon.awssdk.services.iam.model.ListEntitiesForPolicyRequest listEntitiesRequest = software.amazon.awssdk.services.iam.model.ListEntitiesForPolicyRequest
                        .builder()
                        .policyArn(policy.arn())
                        .build();
                ListEntitiesForPolicyResponse listEntitiesResponse = iamClient
                        .listEntitiesForPolicy(listEntitiesRequest);
                if (!listEntitiesResponse.policyGroups().isEmpty() || !listEntitiesResponse.policyUsers().isEmpty()
                        || !listEntitiesResponse.policyRoles().isEmpty()) {
                    // Detach the policy from any entities it is attached to.
                    DetachRolePolicyRequest detachPolicyRequest = DetachRolePolicyRequest.builder()
                            .policyArn(policy.arn())
                            .roleName(roleName) // Specify the name of the IAM role
                            .build();

                    getIAMClient().detachRolePolicy(detachPolicyRequest);
                    System.out.println("Policy detached from entities.");
                }

                // Now, you can delete the policy.
                DeletePolicyRequest deletePolicyRequest = DeletePolicyRequest.builder()
                        .policyArn(policy.arn())
                        .build();

                getIAMClient().deletePolicy(deletePolicyRequest);
                System.out.println("Policy deleted successfully.");
                break;
            }
        }

        // List the roles associated with the instance profile
        ListInstanceProfilesForRoleRequest listRolesRequest = ListInstanceProfilesForRoleRequest.builder()
                .roleName(roleName)
                .build();

        // Detach the roles from the instance profile
        ListInstanceProfilesForRoleResponse listRolesResponse = iamClient.listInstanceProfilesForRole(listRolesRequest);
        for (software.amazon.awssdk.services.iam.model.InstanceProfile profile : listRolesResponse.instanceProfiles()) {
            RemoveRoleFromInstanceProfileRequest removeRoleRequest = RemoveRoleFromInstanceProfileRequest.builder()
                    .instanceProfileName(InstanceProfile)
                    .roleName(roleName) // Remove the extra dot here
                    .build();

            getIAMClient().removeRoleFromInstanceProfile(removeRoleRequest);
            System.out.println("Role " + roleName + " removed from instance profile " + InstanceProfile);
        }

        // Delete the instance profile after removing all roles
        DeleteInstanceProfileRequest deleteInstanceProfileRequest = DeleteInstanceProfileRequest.builder()
                .instanceProfileName(InstanceProfile)
                .build();

        getIAMClient().deleteInstanceProfile(r -> r.instanceProfileName(InstanceProfile));
        System.out.println(InstanceProfile + " Deleted");
        System.out.println("All roles and policies are deleted.");
    }
}

Create a class that wraps Elastic Load Balancing actions.

public class LoadBalancer {
    public ElasticLoadBalancingV2Client elasticLoadBalancingV2Client;

    public ElasticLoadBalancingV2Client getLoadBalancerClient() {
        if (elasticLoadBalancingV2Client == null) {
            elasticLoadBalancingV2Client = ElasticLoadBalancingV2Client.builder()
                    .region(Region.US_EAST_1)
                    .build();
        }

        return elasticLoadBalancingV2Client;
    }

    // Checks the health of the instances in the target group.
    public List<TargetHealthDescription> checkTargetHealth(String targetGroupName) {
        DescribeTargetGroupsRequest targetGroupsRequest = DescribeTargetGroupsRequest.builder()
                .names(targetGroupName)
                .build();

        DescribeTargetGroupsResponse tgResponse = getLoadBalancerClient().describeTargetGroups(targetGroupsRequest);

        DescribeTargetHealthRequest healthRequest = DescribeTargetHealthRequest.builder()
                .targetGroupArn(tgResponse.targetGroups().get(0).targetGroupArn())
                .build();

        DescribeTargetHealthResponse healthResponse = getLoadBalancerClient().describeTargetHealth(healthRequest);
        return healthResponse.targetHealthDescriptions();
    }

    // Gets the HTTP endpoint of the load balancer.
    public String getEndpoint(String lbName) {
        DescribeLoadBalancersResponse res = getLoadBalancerClient()
                .describeLoadBalancers(describe -> describe.names(lbName));
        return res.loadBalancers().get(0).dnsName();
    }

    // Deletes a load balancer.
    public void deleteLoadBalancer(String lbName) {
        try {
            // Use a waiter to delete the Load Balancer.
            DescribeLoadBalancersResponse res = getLoadBalancerClient()
                    .describeLoadBalancers(describe -> describe.names(lbName));
            ElasticLoadBalancingV2Waiter loadBalancerWaiter = getLoadBalancerClient().waiter();
            DescribeLoadBalancersRequest request = DescribeLoadBalancersRequest.builder()
                    .loadBalancerArns(res.loadBalancers().get(0).loadBalancerArn())
                    .build();

            getLoadBalancerClient().deleteLoadBalancer(
                    builder -> builder.loadBalancerArn(res.loadBalancers().get(0).loadBalancerArn()));
            WaiterResponse<DescribeLoadBalancersResponse> waiterResponse = loadBalancerWaiter
                    .waitUntilLoadBalancersDeleted(request);
            waiterResponse.matched().response().ifPresent(System.out::println);

        } catch (ElasticLoadBalancingV2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
        }
        System.out.println(lbName + " was deleted.");
    }

    // Deletes the target group.
    public void deleteTargetGroup(String targetGroupName) {
        try {
            DescribeTargetGroupsResponse res = getLoadBalancerClient()
                    .describeTargetGroups(describe -> describe.names(targetGroupName));
            getLoadBalancerClient()
                    .deleteTargetGroup(builder -> builder.targetGroupArn(res.targetGroups().get(0).targetGroupArn()));
        } catch (ElasticLoadBalancingV2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
        }
        System.out.println(targetGroupName + " was deleted.");
    }

    // Verify this computer can successfully send a GET request to the load balancer
    // endpoint.
    public boolean verifyLoadBalancerEndpoint(String elbDnsName) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
        boolean success = false;
        int retries = 3;
        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();

        // Create an HTTP GET request to the ELB.
        HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet("http://" + elbDnsName);
        try {
            while ((!success) && (retries > 0)) {
                // Execute the request and get the response.
                HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
                int statusCode = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
                System.out.println("HTTP Status Code: " + statusCode);
                if (statusCode == 200) {
                    success = true;
                } else {
                    retries--;
                    System.out.println("Got connection error from load balancer endpoint, retrying...");
                    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(15);
                }
            }

        } catch (org.apache.http.conn.HttpHostConnectException e) {
            System.out.println(e.getMessage());
        }

        System.out.println("Status.." + success);
        return success;
    }

    /*
     * Creates an Elastic Load Balancing target group. The target group specifies
     * how
     * the load balancer forward requests to instances in the group and how instance
     * health is checked.
     */
    public String createTargetGroup(String protocol, int port, String vpcId, String targetGroupName) {
        CreateTargetGroupRequest targetGroupRequest = CreateTargetGroupRequest.builder()
                .healthCheckPath("/healthcheck")
                .healthCheckTimeoutSeconds(5)
                .port(port)
                .vpcId(vpcId)
                .name(targetGroupName)
                .protocol(protocol)
                .build();

        CreateTargetGroupResponse targetGroupResponse = getLoadBalancerClient().createTargetGroup(targetGroupRequest);
        String targetGroupArn = targetGroupResponse.targetGroups().get(0).targetGroupArn();
        String targetGroup = targetGroupResponse.targetGroups().get(0).targetGroupName();
        System.out.println("The " + targetGroup + " was created with ARN" + targetGroupArn);
        return targetGroupArn;
    }

    /*
     * Creates an Elastic Load Balancing load balancer that uses the specified
     * subnets
     * and forwards requests to the specified target group.
     */
    public String createLoadBalancer(List<Subnet> subnetIds, String targetGroupARN, String lbName, int port,
            String protocol) {
        try {
            List<String> subnetIdStrings = subnetIds.stream()
                    .map(Subnet::subnetId)
                    .collect(Collectors.toList());

            CreateLoadBalancerRequest balancerRequest = CreateLoadBalancerRequest.builder()
                    .subnets(subnetIdStrings)
                    .name(lbName)
                    .scheme("internet-facing")
                    .build();

            // Create and wait for the load balancer to become available.
            CreateLoadBalancerResponse lsResponse = getLoadBalancerClient().createLoadBalancer(balancerRequest);
            String lbARN = lsResponse.loadBalancers().get(0).loadBalancerArn();

            ElasticLoadBalancingV2Waiter loadBalancerWaiter = getLoadBalancerClient().waiter();
            DescribeLoadBalancersRequest request = DescribeLoadBalancersRequest.builder()
                    .loadBalancerArns(lbARN)
                    .build();

            System.out.println("Waiting for Load Balancer " + lbName + " to become available.");
            WaiterResponse<DescribeLoadBalancersResponse> waiterResponse = loadBalancerWaiter
                    .waitUntilLoadBalancerAvailable(request);
            waiterResponse.matched().response().ifPresent(System.out::println);
            System.out.println("Load Balancer " + lbName + " is available.");

            // Get the DNS name (endpoint) of the load balancer.
            String lbDNSName = lsResponse.loadBalancers().get(0).dnsName();
            System.out.println("*** Load Balancer DNS Name: " + lbDNSName);

            // Create a listener for the load balance.
            Action action = Action.builder()
                    .targetGroupArn(targetGroupARN)
                    .type("forward")
                    .build();

            CreateListenerRequest listenerRequest = CreateListenerRequest.builder()
                    .loadBalancerArn(lsResponse.loadBalancers().get(0).loadBalancerArn())
                    .defaultActions(action)
                    .port(port)
                    .protocol(protocol)
                    .defaultActions(action)
                    .build();

            getLoadBalancerClient().createListener(listenerRequest);
            System.out.println("Created listener to forward traffic from load balancer " + lbName + " to target group "
                    + targetGroupARN);

            // Return the load balancer DNS name.
            return lbDNSName;

        } catch (ElasticLoadBalancingV2Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return "";
    }
}

Create a class that uses DynamoDB to simulate a recommendation service.

public class Database {

    private static DynamoDbClient dynamoDbClient;

    public static DynamoDbClient getDynamoDbClient() {
        if (dynamoDbClient == null) {
            dynamoDbClient = DynamoDbClient.builder()
                    .region(Region.US_EAST_1)
                    .build();
        }
        return dynamoDbClient;
    }

    // Checks to see if the Amazon DynamoDB table exists.
    private boolean doesTableExist(String tableName) {
        try {
            // Describe the table and catch any exceptions.
            DescribeTableRequest describeTableRequest = DescribeTableRequest.builder()
                    .tableName(tableName)
                    .build();

            getDynamoDbClient().describeTable(describeTableRequest);
            System.out.println("Table '" + tableName + "' exists.");
            return true;

        } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
            System.out.println("Table '" + tableName + "' does not exist.");
        } catch (DynamoDbException e) {
            System.err.println("Error checking table existence: " + e.getMessage());
        }
        return false;
    }

    /*
     * Creates a DynamoDB table to use a recommendation service. The table has a
     * hash key named 'MediaType' that defines the type of media recommended, such
     * as
     * Book or Movie, and a range key named 'ItemId' that, combined with the
     * MediaType,
     * forms a unique identifier for the recommended item.
     */
    public void createTable(String tableName, String fileName) throws IOException {
        // First check to see if the table exists.
        boolean doesExist = doesTableExist(tableName);
        if (!doesExist) {
            DynamoDbWaiter dbWaiter = getDynamoDbClient().waiter();
            CreateTableRequest createTableRequest = CreateTableRequest.builder()
                    .tableName(tableName)
                    .attributeDefinitions(
                            AttributeDefinition.builder()
                                    .attributeName("MediaType")
                                    .attributeType(ScalarAttributeType.S)
                                    .build(),
                            AttributeDefinition.builder()
                                    .attributeName("ItemId")
                                    .attributeType(ScalarAttributeType.N)
                                    .build())
                    .keySchema(
                            KeySchemaElement.builder()
                                    .attributeName("MediaType")
                                    .keyType(KeyType.HASH)
                                    .build(),
                            KeySchemaElement.builder()
                                    .attributeName("ItemId")
                                    .keyType(KeyType.RANGE)
                                    .build())
                    .provisionedThroughput(
                            ProvisionedThroughput.builder()
                                    .readCapacityUnits(5L)
                                    .writeCapacityUnits(5L)
                                    .build())
                    .build();

            getDynamoDbClient().createTable(createTableRequest);
            System.out.println("Creating table " + tableName + "...");

            // Wait until the Amazon DynamoDB table is created.
            DescribeTableRequest tableRequest = DescribeTableRequest.builder()
                    .tableName(tableName)
                    .build();

            WaiterResponse<DescribeTableResponse> waiterResponse = dbWaiter.waitUntilTableExists(tableRequest);
            waiterResponse.matched().response().ifPresent(System.out::println);
            System.out.println("Table " + tableName + " created.");

            // Add records to the table.
            populateTable(fileName, tableName);
        }
    }

    public void deleteTable(String tableName) {
        getDynamoDbClient().deleteTable(table -> table.tableName(tableName));
        System.out.println("Table " + tableName + " deleted.");
    }

    // Populates the table with data located in a JSON file using the DynamoDB
    // enhanced client.
    public void populateTable(String fileName, String tableName) throws IOException {
        DynamoDbEnhancedClient enhancedClient = DynamoDbEnhancedClient.builder()
                .dynamoDbClient(getDynamoDbClient())
                .build();
        ObjectMapper objectMapper = new ObjectMapper();
        File jsonFile = new File(fileName);
        JsonNode rootNode = objectMapper.readTree(jsonFile);

        DynamoDbTable<Recommendation> mappedTable = enhancedClient.table(tableName,
                TableSchema.fromBean(Recommendation.class));
        for (JsonNode currentNode : rootNode) {
            String mediaType = currentNode.path("MediaType").path("S").asText();
            int itemId = currentNode.path("ItemId").path("N").asInt();
            String title = currentNode.path("Title").path("S").asText();
            String creator = currentNode.path("Creator").path("S").asText();

            // Create a Recommendation object and set its properties.
            Recommendation rec = new Recommendation();
            rec.setMediaType(mediaType);
            rec.setItemId(itemId);
            rec.setTitle(title);
            rec.setCreator(creator);

            // Put the item into the DynamoDB table.
            mappedTable.putItem(rec); // Add the Recommendation to the list.
        }
        System.out.println("Added all records to the " + tableName);
    }
}

Create a class that wraps Systems Manager actions.

public class ParameterHelper {

    String tableName = "doc-example-resilient-architecture-table";
    String dyntable = "doc-example-recommendation-service";
    String failureResponse = "doc-example-resilient-architecture-failure-response";
    String healthCheck = "doc-example-resilient-architecture-health-check";

    public void reset() {
        put(dyntable, tableName);
        put(failureResponse, "none");
        put(healthCheck, "shallow");
    }

    public void put(String name, String value) {
        SsmClient ssmClient = SsmClient.builder()
                .region(Region.US_EAST_1)
                .build();

        PutParameterRequest parameterRequest = PutParameterRequest.builder()
                .name(name)
                .value(value)
                .overwrite(true)
                .type("String")
                .build();

        ssmClient.putParameter(parameterRequest);
        System.out.printf("Setting demo parameter %s to '%s'.", name, value);
    }
}

The following code example shows how to:

  • Create a key pair and security group.

  • Select an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) and compatible instance type, then create an instance.

  • Stop and restart the instance.

  • Associate an Elastic IP address with your instance.

  • Connect to your instance with SSH, then clean up resources.

SDK for Java 2.x
Note

There's more on GitHub. Find the complete example and learn how to set up and run in the AWS Code Examples Repository. 

/**
 * Before running this Java (v2) code example, set up your development
 * environment, including your credentials.
 *
 * For more information, see the following documentation topic:
 *
 * https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-java/latest/developer-guide/get-started.html
 *
 * This Java example performs the following tasks:
 *
 * 1. Creates an RSA key pair and saves the private key data as a .pem file.
 * 2. Lists key pairs.
 * 3. Creates a security group for the default VPC.
 * 4. Displays security group information.
 * 5. Gets a list of Amazon Linux 2 AMIs and selects one.
 * 6. Gets more information about the image.
 * 7. Gets a list of instance types that are compatible with the selected AMI’s
 * architecture.
 * 8. Creates an instance with the key pair, security group, AMI, and an
 * instance type.
 * 9. Displays information about the instance.
 * 10. Stops the instance and waits for it to stop.
 * 11. Starts the instance and waits for it to start.
 * 12. Allocates an Elastic IP address and associates it with the instance.
 * 13. Displays SSH connection info for the instance.
 * 14. Disassociates and deletes the Elastic IP address.
 * 15. Terminates the instance and waits for it to terminate.
 * 16. Deletes the security group.
 * 17. Deletes the key pair.
 */
public class EC2Scenario {
    public static final String DASHES = new String(new char[80]).replace("\0", "-");

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

        final String usage = """

                Usage:
                   <keyName> <fileName> <groupName> <groupDesc> <vpcId>

                Where:
                   keyName -  A key pair name (for example, TestKeyPair).\s
                   fileName -  A file name where the key information is written to.\s
                   groupName - The name of the security group.\s
                   groupDesc - The description of the security group.\s
                   vpcId - A VPC Id value. You can get this value from the AWS Management Console.\s
                   myIpAddress - The IP address of your development machine.\s

                """;

        if (args.length != 6) {
            System.out.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }

        String keyName = args[0];
        String fileName = args[1];
        String groupName = args[2];
        String groupDesc = args[3];
        String vpcId = args[4];
        String myIpAddress = args[5];

        Region region = Region.US_WEST_2;
        Ec2Client ec2 = Ec2Client.builder()
                .region(region)
                .build();

        SsmClient ssmClient = SsmClient.builder()
                .region(region)
                .build();

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("Welcome to the Amazon EC2 example scenario.");
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("1. Create an RSA key pair and save the private key material as a .pem file.");
        createKeyPair(ec2, keyName, fileName);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("2. List key pairs.");
        describeKeys(ec2);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("3. Create a security group.");
        String groupId = createSecurityGroup(ec2, groupName, groupDesc, vpcId, myIpAddress);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("4. Display security group info for the newly created security group.");
        describeSecurityGroups(ec2, groupId);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("5. Get a list of Amazon Linux 2 AMIs and selects one with amzn2 in the name.");
        String instanceId = getParaValues(ssmClient);
        System.out.println("The instance Id is " + instanceId);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("6. Get more information about an amzn2 image.");
        String amiValue = describeImage(ec2, instanceId);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("7. Get a list of instance types.");
        String instanceType = getInstanceTypes(ec2);
        System.out.println("The instance type is " + instanceType);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("8. Create an instance.");
        String newInstanceId = runInstance(ec2, instanceType, keyName, groupName, amiValue);
        System.out.println("The instance Id is " + newInstanceId);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("9. Display information about the running instance. ");
        String ipAddress = describeEC2Instances(ec2, newInstanceId);
        System.out.println("You can SSH to the instance using this command:");
        System.out.println("ssh -i " + fileName + "ec2-user@" + ipAddress);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("10. Stop the instance and use a waiter.");
        stopInstance(ec2, newInstanceId);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("11. Start the instance and use a waiter.");
        startInstance(ec2, newInstanceId);
        ipAddress = describeEC2Instances(ec2, newInstanceId);
        System.out.println("You can SSH to the instance using this command:");
        System.out.println("ssh -i " + fileName + "ec2-user@" + ipAddress);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("12. Allocate an Elastic IP address and associate it with the instance.");
        String allocationId = allocateAddress(ec2);
        System.out.println("The allocation Id value is " + allocationId);
        String associationId = associateAddress(ec2, newInstanceId, allocationId);
        System.out.println("The associate Id value is " + associationId);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("13. Describe the instance again.");
        ipAddress = describeEC2Instances(ec2, newInstanceId);
        System.out.println("You can SSH to the instance using this command:");
        System.out.println("ssh -i " + fileName + "ec2-user@" + ipAddress);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("14. Disassociate and release the Elastic IP address.");
        disassociateAddress(ec2, associationId);
        releaseEC2Address(ec2, allocationId);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("15. Terminate the instance and use a waiter.");
        terminateEC2(ec2, newInstanceId);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("16. Delete the security group.");
        deleteEC2SecGroup(ec2, groupId);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("17. Delete the key.");
        deleteKeys(ec2, keyName);
        System.out.println(DASHES);

        System.out.println(DASHES);
        System.out.println("You successfully completed the Amazon EC2 scenario.");
        System.out.println(DASHES);
        ec2.close();
    }

    public static void deleteEC2SecGroup(Ec2Client ec2, String groupId) {
        try {
            DeleteSecurityGroupRequest request = DeleteSecurityGroupRequest.builder()
                    .groupId(groupId)
                    .build();

            ec2.deleteSecurityGroup(request);
            System.out.println("Successfully deleted security group with Id " + groupId);

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void terminateEC2(Ec2Client ec2, String instanceId) {
        try {
            Ec2Waiter ec2Waiter = Ec2Waiter.builder()
                    .overrideConfiguration(b -> b.maxAttempts(100))
                    .client(ec2)
                    .build();

            TerminateInstancesRequest ti = TerminateInstancesRequest.builder()
                    .instanceIds(instanceId)
                    .build();

            System.out.println("Use an Ec2Waiter to wait for the instance to terminate. This will take a few minutes.");
            ec2.terminateInstances(ti);
            DescribeInstancesRequest instanceRequest = DescribeInstancesRequest.builder()
                    .instanceIds(instanceId)
                    .build();

            WaiterResponse<DescribeInstancesResponse> waiterResponse = ec2Waiter
                    .waitUntilInstanceTerminated(instanceRequest);
            waiterResponse.matched().response().ifPresent(System.out::println);
            System.out.println("Successfully started instance " + instanceId);
            System.out.println(instanceId + " is terminated!");

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void deleteKeys(Ec2Client ec2, String keyPair) {
        try {
            DeleteKeyPairRequest request = DeleteKeyPairRequest.builder()
                    .keyName(keyPair)
                    .build();

            ec2.deleteKeyPair(request);
            System.out.println("Successfully deleted key pair named " + keyPair);

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void releaseEC2Address(Ec2Client ec2, String allocId) {
        try {
            ReleaseAddressRequest request = ReleaseAddressRequest.builder()
                    .allocationId(allocId)
                    .build();

            ec2.releaseAddress(request);
            System.out.println("Successfully released Elastic IP address " + allocId);
        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void disassociateAddress(Ec2Client ec2, String associationId) {
        try {
            DisassociateAddressRequest addressRequest = DisassociateAddressRequest.builder()
                    .associationId(associationId)
                    .build();

            ec2.disassociateAddress(addressRequest);
            System.out.println("You successfully disassociated the address!");

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static String associateAddress(Ec2Client ec2, String instanceId, String allocationId) {
        try {
            AssociateAddressRequest associateRequest = AssociateAddressRequest.builder()
                    .instanceId(instanceId)
                    .allocationId(allocationId)
                    .build();

            AssociateAddressResponse associateResponse = ec2.associateAddress(associateRequest);
            return associateResponse.associationId();

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return "";
    }

    public static String allocateAddress(Ec2Client ec2) {
        try {
            AllocateAddressRequest allocateRequest = AllocateAddressRequest.builder()
                    .domain(DomainType.VPC)
                    .build();

            AllocateAddressResponse allocateResponse = ec2.allocateAddress(allocateRequest);
            return allocateResponse.allocationId();

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return "";
    }

    public static void startInstance(Ec2Client ec2, String instanceId) {
        Ec2Waiter ec2Waiter = Ec2Waiter.builder()
                .overrideConfiguration(b -> b.maxAttempts(100))
                .client(ec2)
                .build();

        StartInstancesRequest request = StartInstancesRequest.builder()
                .instanceIds(instanceId)
                .build();

        System.out.println("Use an Ec2Waiter to wait for the instance to run. This will take a few minutes.");
        ec2.startInstances(request);
        DescribeInstancesRequest instanceRequest = DescribeInstancesRequest.builder()
                .instanceIds(instanceId)
                .build();

        WaiterResponse<DescribeInstancesResponse> waiterResponse = ec2Waiter.waitUntilInstanceRunning(instanceRequest);
        waiterResponse.matched().response().ifPresent(System.out::println);
        System.out.println("Successfully started instance " + instanceId);
    }

    public static void stopInstance(Ec2Client ec2, String instanceId) {
        Ec2Waiter ec2Waiter = Ec2Waiter.builder()
                .overrideConfiguration(b -> b.maxAttempts(100))
                .client(ec2)
                .build();
        StopInstancesRequest request = StopInstancesRequest.builder()
                .instanceIds(instanceId)
                .build();

        System.out.println("Use an Ec2Waiter to wait for the instance to stop. This will take a few minutes.");
        ec2.stopInstances(request);
        DescribeInstancesRequest instanceRequest = DescribeInstancesRequest.builder()
                .instanceIds(instanceId)
                .build();

        WaiterResponse<DescribeInstancesResponse> waiterResponse = ec2Waiter.waitUntilInstanceStopped(instanceRequest);
        waiterResponse.matched().response().ifPresent(System.out::println);
        System.out.println("Successfully stopped instance " + instanceId);
    }

    public static String describeEC2Instances(Ec2Client ec2, String newInstanceId) {
        try {
            String pubAddress = "";
            boolean isRunning = false;
            DescribeInstancesRequest request = DescribeInstancesRequest.builder()
                    .instanceIds(newInstanceId)
                    .build();

            while (!isRunning) {
                DescribeInstancesResponse response = ec2.describeInstances(request);
                String state = response.reservations().get(0).instances().get(0).state().name().name();
                if (state.compareTo("RUNNING") == 0) {
                    System.out.println("Image id is " + response.reservations().get(0).instances().get(0).imageId());
                    System.out.println(
                            "Instance type is " + response.reservations().get(0).instances().get(0).instanceType());
                    System.out.println(
                            "Instance state is " + response.reservations().get(0).instances().get(0).state().name());
                    pubAddress = response.reservations().get(0).instances().get(0).publicIpAddress();
                    System.out.println("Instance address is " + pubAddress);
                    isRunning = true;
                }
            }
            return pubAddress;
        } catch (SsmException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return "";
    }

    public static String runInstance(Ec2Client ec2, String instanceType, String keyName, String groupName,
            String amiId) {
        try {
            RunInstancesRequest runRequest = RunInstancesRequest.builder()
                    .instanceType(instanceType)
                    .keyName(keyName)
                    .securityGroups(groupName)
                    .maxCount(1)
                    .minCount(1)
                    .imageId(amiId)
                    .build();

            System.out.println("Going to start an EC2 instance using a waiter");
            RunInstancesResponse response = ec2.runInstances(runRequest);
            String instanceIdVal = response.instances().get(0).instanceId();
            ec2.waiter().waitUntilInstanceRunning(r -> r.instanceIds(instanceIdVal));
            System.out.println("Successfully started EC2 instance " + instanceIdVal + " based on AMI " + amiId);
            return instanceIdVal;

        } catch (SsmException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return "";
    }

    // Get a list of instance types.
    public static String getInstanceTypes(Ec2Client ec2) {
        String instanceType;
        try {
            DescribeInstanceTypesRequest typesRequest = DescribeInstanceTypesRequest.builder()
                .maxResults(10)
                .build();

            DescribeInstanceTypesResponse response = ec2.describeInstanceTypes(typesRequest);
            List<InstanceTypeInfo> instanceTypes = response.instanceTypes();
            for (InstanceTypeInfo type : instanceTypes) {
                System.out.println("The memory information of this type is " + type.memoryInfo().sizeInMiB());
                System.out.println("Network information is " + type.networkInfo().toString());
                System.out.println("Instance type is " + type.instanceType().toString());
                instanceType = type.instanceType().toString();
                if (instanceType.compareTo("t2.2xlarge")  == 0){
                    return instanceType;
                }
            }

        } catch (SsmException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return "";
    }

    // Display the Description field that corresponds to the instance Id value.
    public static String describeImage(Ec2Client ec2, String instanceId) {
        try {
            DescribeImagesRequest imagesRequest = DescribeImagesRequest.builder()
                    .imageIds(instanceId)
                    .build();

            DescribeImagesResponse response = ec2.describeImages(imagesRequest);
            System.out.println("The description of the first image is " + response.images().get(0).description());
            System.out.println("The name of the first image is " + response.images().get(0).name());

            // Return the image Id value.
            return response.images().get(0).imageId();

        } catch (SsmException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return "";
    }

    // Get the Id value of an instance with amzn2 in the name.
    public static String getParaValues(SsmClient ssmClient) {
        try {
            GetParametersByPathRequest parameterRequest = GetParametersByPathRequest.builder()
                    .path("/aws/service/ami-amazon-linux-latest")
                    .build();

            GetParametersByPathIterable responses = ssmClient.getParametersByPathPaginator(parameterRequest);
            for (software.amazon.awssdk.services.ssm.model.GetParametersByPathResponse response : responses) {
                System.out.println("Test " + response.nextToken());
                List<Parameter> parameterList = response.parameters();
                for (Parameter para : parameterList) {
                    System.out.println("The name of the para is: " + para.name());
                    System.out.println("The type of the para is: " + para.type());
                    if (filterName(para.name())) {
                        return para.value();
                    }
                }
            }

        } catch (SsmException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return "";
    }

    // Return true if the name has amzn2 in it. For example:
    // /aws/service/ami-amazon-linux-latest/amzn2-ami-hvm-arm64-gp2
    private static boolean filterName(String name) {
        String[] parts = name.split("/");
        String myValue = parts[4];
        return myValue.contains("amzn2");
    }

    public static void describeSecurityGroups(Ec2Client ec2, String groupId) {
        try {
            DescribeSecurityGroupsRequest request = DescribeSecurityGroupsRequest.builder()
                .groupIds(groupId)
                .build();

            // Use a paginator.
            DescribeSecurityGroupsIterable listGroups = ec2.describeSecurityGroupsPaginator(request);
            listGroups.stream()
                .flatMap(r -> r.securityGroups().stream())
                .forEach(group -> System.out
                    .println(" Group id: " +group.groupId() + " group name = " + group.groupName()));

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static String createSecurityGroup(Ec2Client ec2, String groupName, String groupDesc, String vpcId,
            String myIpAddress) {
        try {
            CreateSecurityGroupRequest createRequest = CreateSecurityGroupRequest.builder()
                    .groupName(groupName)
                    .description(groupDesc)
                    .vpcId(vpcId)
                    .build();

            CreateSecurityGroupResponse resp = ec2.createSecurityGroup(createRequest);
            IpRange ipRange = IpRange.builder()
                    .cidrIp(myIpAddress + "/0")
                    .build();

            IpPermission ipPerm = IpPermission.builder()
                    .ipProtocol("tcp")
                    .toPort(80)
                    .fromPort(80)
                    .ipRanges(ipRange)
                    .build();

            IpPermission ipPerm2 = IpPermission.builder()
                    .ipProtocol("tcp")
                    .toPort(22)
                    .fromPort(22)
                    .ipRanges(ipRange)
                    .build();

            AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngressRequest authRequest = AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngressRequest.builder()
                    .groupName(groupName)
                    .ipPermissions(ipPerm, ipPerm2)
                    .build();

            ec2.authorizeSecurityGroupIngress(authRequest);
            System.out.println("Successfully added ingress policy to security group " + groupName);
            return resp.groupId();

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
        return "";
    }

    public static void describeKeys(Ec2Client ec2) {
        try {
            DescribeKeyPairsResponse response = ec2.describeKeyPairs();
            response.keyPairs().forEach(keyPair -> System.out.printf(
                    "Found key pair with name %s " +
                            "and fingerprint %s",
                    keyPair.keyName(),
                    keyPair.keyFingerprint()));

        } catch (Ec2Exception e) {
            System.err.println(e.awsErrorDetails().errorMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void createKeyPair(Ec2Client ec2, String keyName, String fileName) {
        try {
            CreateKeyPairRequest request = CreateKeyPairRequest.builder()
                    .keyName(keyName)
                    .build();

            CreateKeyPairResponse response = ec2.createKeyPair(request);
            String content = response.keyMaterial();
            BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(fileName));
            writer.write(content);
            writer.close();
            System.out.println("Successfully created key pair named " + keyName);

        } catch (Ec2Exception | IOException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }
}