Retrieve instance metadata
Because your instance metadata is available from your running instance, you do not need to use the Amazon EC2 console or the AWS CLI. This can be helpful when you're writing scripts to run from your instance. For example, you can access the local IP address of your instance from instance metadata to manage a connection to an external application.
Instance metadata is divided into categories. For a description of each instance metadata category, see Instance metadata categories.
To view all categories of instance metadata from within a running instance, use the following IPv4 or IPv6 URIs.
IPv4
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/IPv6
http://[fd00:ec2::254]/latest/meta-data/The IP addresses are link-local addresses and are valid only from the instance. For more
information, see Link-local address
Note
The examples in this section use the IPv4 address of the IMDS:
169.254.169.254. If you are retrieving instance metadata for EC2
instances over the IPv6 address, ensure that you enable and use the IPv6 address
instead: fd00:ec2::254. The IPv6 address of the IMDS is
compatible with IMDSv2 commands. The IPv6 address is only accessible on Instances built on the Nitro System.
The command format is different, depending on whether you use IMDSv1 or IMDSv2. By default, you can use both versions of the IMDS. To require the use of IMDSv2, see Use IMDSv2.
You can use a tool such as cURL, as shown in the following example.
For the command to retrieve instance metadata from a Windows instance, see Retrieve instance metadata in the Amazon EC2 User Guide for Windows Instances.
Costs
You are not billed for HTTP requests used to retrieve instance metadata and user data.
Considerations
To avoid problems with instance metadata retrieval, consider the following:
-
The AWS SDKs use IMDSv2 calls by default. If the IMDSv2 call receives no response, the SDK retries the call and, if still unsuccessful, uses IMDSv1. This can result in a delay. In a container environment, if the hop limit is 1, the IMDSv2 response does not return because going to the container is considered an additional network hop. To avoid the process of falling back to IMDSv1 and the resultant delay, in a container environment we recommend that you set the hop limit to 2. For more information, see Configure the instance metadata options.
-
For IMDSv2, you must use
/latest/api/tokenwhen retrieving the token. IssuingPUTrequests to any version-specific path, for example/2021-03-23/api/token, will result in the metadata service returning 403 Forbidden errors. This behavior is intended.
Responses and error messages
All instance metadata is returned as text (HTTP content type
text/plain).
A request for a specific metadata resource returns the appropriate value, or a
404 - Not Found HTTP error code if the resource is not available.
A request for a general metadata resource (the URI ends with a /) returns a list
of available resources, or a 404 - Not Found HTTP error code if there
is no such resource. The list items are on separate lines, terminated by line feeds
(ASCII 10).
For requests made using Instance Metadata Service Version 2, the following HTTP error codes can be returned:
-
400 - Missing or Invalid Parameters– ThePUTrequest is not valid. -
401 - Unauthorized– TheGETrequest uses an invalid token. The recommended action is to generate a new token. -
403 - Forbidden– The request is not allowed or the IMDS is turned off.
Examples of retrieving instance metadata
The following examples provide commands that you can use on a Linux instance. For the commands to retrieve instance metadata from a Windows instance, see Retrieve instance metadata in the Amazon EC2 User Guide for Windows Instances.
Examples
Get the available versions of the instance metadata
This example gets the available versions of the instance metadata. Each version refers to an instance metadata build when new instance metadata categories were released. The instance metadata build versions do not correlate with the Amazon EC2 API versions. The earlier versions are available to you in case you have scripts that rely on the structure and information present in a previous version.
Note
To avoid having to update your code every time Amazon EC2 releases a new instance metadata
build, we recommend that you use latest in the path, and not
the version number. For example, use latest as follows:
curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ami-id
Get the top-level metadata items
This example gets the top-level metadata items. For more information, see Instance metadata categories.
The following examples get the values of some of the top-level metadata items that were obtained in the preceding example. The IMDSv2 requests use the stored token that was created in the preceding example command, assuming it has not expired.
Get the list of available public keys
This example gets the list of available public keys.
Show the formats in which public key 0 is available
This example shows the formats in which public key 0 is available.
Get public key 0 (in the OpenSSH key format)
This example gets public key 0 (in the OpenSSH key format).
Get the subnet ID for an instance
This example gets the subnet ID for an instance.
Get the instance tags for an instance
In the following examples, the sample instance has tags on instance metadata
enabled and the instance tags Name=MyInstance and
Environment=Dev.
This example gets all the instance tag keys for an instance.
The following example gets the value of the Name key that was
obtained in the preceding example. The IMDSv2 request uses the stored token that
was created in the preceding example command, assuming it has not
expired.
Query throttling
We throttle queries to the IMDS on a per-instance basis, and we place limits on the number of simultaneous connections from an instance to the IMDS.
If you're using the IMDS to retrieve AWS security credentials, avoid querying for credentials during every transaction or concurrently from a high number of threads or processes, as this might lead to throttling. Instead, we recommend that you cache the credentials until they start approaching their expiry time. For more information about IAM role and security credentials associated with the role, see Retrieve security credentials from instance metadata.
If you are throttled while accessing the IMDS, retry your query with an exponential backoff strategy.
Limit IMDS access
You can consider using local firewall rules to disable access from some or all processes to the IMDS.
Note
For Instances built on the Nitro System, IMDS can be reached from your own network when a network appliance within your VPC, such as a virtual router, forwards packets to the IMDS address, and the default source/destination check on the instance is disabled. To prevent a source from outside your VPC reaching IMDS, we recommend that you modify the configuration of the network appliance to drop packets with the destination IPv4 address of IMDS 169.254.169.254 and, if you enabled the IPv6 endpoint, the IPv6 address of IMDS fd00:ec2::254.
Using iptables to limit access
The following example uses Linux iptables and its owner
module to prevent the Apache webserver (based on its default installation user ID of
apache) from accessing 169.254.169.254. It uses a deny rule to reject all instance metadata requests
(whether IMDSv1 or IMDSv2) from any process running as that
user.
$sudo iptables --append OUTPUT --proto tcp --destination 169.254.169.254 --match owner --uid-owner apache --jump REJECT
Or, you can consider only allowing access to particular users or groups, by using allow rules. Allow rules might be easier to manage from a security perspective, because they require you to make a decision about what software needs access to instance metadata. If you use allow rules, it's less likely you will accidentally allow software to access the metadata service (that you did not intend to have access) if you later change the software or configuration on an instance. You can also combine group usage with allow rules, so that you can add and remove users from a permitted group without needing to change the firewall rule.
The following example prevents access to the IMDS
by all processes, except for processes running in the user account
trustworthy-user.
$sudo iptables --append OUTPUT --proto tcp --destination 169.254.169.254 --match owner ! --uid-ownertrustworthy-user--jump REJECT
Note
-
To use local firewall rules, you need to adapt the preceding example commands to suit your needs.
-
By default, iptables rules are not persistent across system reboots. They can be made to be persistent by using OS features, not described here.
-
The iptables
ownermodule only matches group membership if the group is the primary group of a given local user. Other groups are not matched.
Using PF or IPFW to limit access
If you are using FreeBSD or OpenBSD, you can also consider using PF or IPFW. The following examples limit access to the IMDS to just the root user.
PF
$block out inet proto tcp from any to 169.254.169.254
$pass out inet proto tcp from any to 169.254.169.254 user root
IPFW
$allow tcp from any to 169.254.169.254 uid root
$deny tcp from any to 169.254.169.254
Note
The order of the PF and IPFW commands matter. PF defaults to last matching rule and IPFW defaults to first matching rule.
