Types of data sources Adding a data source

Attaching a data source in AWS AppSync

Data sources are resources in your AWS account that GraphQL APIs can interact with. AWS AppSync supports a multitude of data sources like AWS Lambda, Amazon DynamoDB, relational databases (Amazon Aurora Serverless), Amazon OpenSearch Service, and HTTP endpoints. An AWS AppSync API can be configured to interact with multiple data sources, enabling you to aggregate data in a single location. AWS AppSync can use existing AWS resources from your account or provision DynamoDB tables on your behalf from a schema definition.

The following section will show you how to attach a data source to your GraphQL API.

Types of data sources

Now that you have created a schema in the AWS AppSync console, you can attach a data source to it. When you initially create an API, there's an option to provision an Amazon DynamoDB table during the creation of the predefined schema. However, we won't be covering that option in this section. You can see an example of this in the Launching a schema section.

Instead, we'll be looking at all of the data sources AWS AppSync supports. There are many factors that go into picking the right solution for your application. The sections below will provide some additional context for each data source. For general information about data sources, see Data sources.

Amazon DynamoDB

Amazon DynamoDB is one of AWS' main storage solutions for scalable applications. The core component of DynamoDB is the table, which is simply a collection of data. You will typically create tables based on entities like Book or Author. Table entry information is stored as items, which are groups of fields that are unique to each entry. A full item represents a row/record in the database. For example, an item for a Book entry might include title and author along with their values. The individual fields like the title and author are called attributes, which are akin to column values in relational databases.

As you can guess, tables will be used to store data from your application. AWS AppSync allows you to hook up your DynamoDB tables to your GraphQL API to manipulate data. Take this use case from the Front-end web and mobile blog. This application lets users sign up for a social media app. Users can join groups and upload posts that are broadcasted to other users subscribed to the group. Their application stores user, post, and user group information in DynamoDB. The GraphQL API (managed by AWS AppSync) interfaces with the DynamoDB table. When a user makes a change in the system that will be reflected on the front-end, the GraphQL API retrieves these changes and broadcasts them to other users in real time.

AWS Lambda

Lambda is an event-driven service that automatically builds the necessary resources to run code as a response to an event. Lambda uses functions, which are group statements containing the code, dependencies, and configurations for executing a resource. Functions automatically execute when they detect a trigger, a group of activities that invoke your function. A trigger could be anything like an application making an API call, an AWS service in your account spinning up a resource, etc. When triggered, functions will process events, which are JSON documents containing the data to modify.

Lambda is good for running code without having to provision the resources to run it. Take this use case from the Front-end web and mobile blog. This use case is a bit similar to the one showcased in the DynamoDB section. In this application, the GraphQL API is responsible for defining the operations for things like adding posts (mutations) and fetching that data (queries). To implement the functionality of their operations (e.g., getPost ( id: String ! ) : Post, getPostsByAuthor ( author: String ! ) : [ Post ]), they use Lambda functions to process inbound requests. Under Option 2: AWS AppSync with Lambda resolver, they use the AWS AppSync service to maintain their schema and link a Lambda data source to one of the operations. When the operation is called, Lambda interfaces with the Amazon RDS proxy to perform the business logic on the database.

Amazon RDS

Amazon RDS lets you quickly build and configure relational databases. In Amazon RDS, you'll create a generic database instance that will serve as the isolated database environment in the cloud. In this instance, you'll use a DB engine, which is the actual RDBMS software (PostgreSQL, MySQL, etc.). The service offloads much of the backend work by providing scalability using AWS' infrastructure, security services such as patching and encryption, and lowered administrative costs for deployments.

Take the same use case from the Lambda section. Under Option 3: AWS AppSync with Amazon RDS resolver, another option presented is linking the GraphQL API in AWS AppSync to Amazon RDS directly. Using a data API, they associate the database with the GraphQL API. A resolver is attached to a field (usually a query, mutation, or subscription) and implements the SQL statements needed to access the database. When a request calling the field is made by the client, the resolver executes the statements and returns the response.

Amazon EventBridge

In EventBridge, you'll create event buses, which are pipelines that receive events from services or applications you attach (the event source) and process them based on a set of rules. An event is some state change in an execution environment, while a rule is a set of filters for events. A rule follows an event pattern, or metadata of an event's state change (id, Region, account number, ARN(s), etc.). When an event matches the event pattern, EventBridge will send the event across the pipeline to the destination service (target) and trigger the action specified in the rule.

EventBridge is good for routing state-changing operations to some other service. Take this use case from the Front-end web and mobile blog. The example depicts an e-commerce solution that has several teams maintaining different services. One of these services provides order updates to the customer at each step of the delivery (order placed, in progress, shipped, delivered, etc.) on the front-end. However, the front-end team managing this service doesn't have direct access to the ordering system data as that's maintained by a separate backend team. The backend team's ordering system is also described as a black box, so it's hard to glean information about the way they're structuring their data. However, the backend team did set up a system that published order data through an event bus managed by EventBridge. To access the data coming from the event bus and route it to the front-end, the front-end team created a new target pointing to their GraphQL API sitting in AWS AppSync. They also created a rule to only send data relevant to the order update. When an update is made, the data from the event bus is sent to the GraphQL API. The schema in the API processes the data, then passes it to the front-end.

None data sources

If you aren't planning on using a data source, you can set it to none. A none data source, while still explicitly categorized as a data source, isn't a storage medium. Typically, a resolver will invoke one or more data sources at some point to process the request. However, there are situations where you may not need to manipulate a data source. Setting the data source to none will run the request, skip the data invocation step, then run the response.

Take the same use case from the EventBridge section. In the schema, the mutation processes the status update, then sends it out to subscribers. Recalling how resolvers work, there's usually at least one data source invocation. However, the data in this scenario was already sent automatically by the event bus. This means there's no need for the mutation to perform a data source invocation; the order status can simply be handled locally. The mutation is set to none, which acts as a pass-through value with no data source invocation. The schema is then populated with the data, which is sent out to subscribers.

OpenSearch

Amazon OpenSearch Service is a suite of tools to implement full-text searching, data visualization, and logging. You can use this service to query the structured data you've uploaded.

In this service, you'll create instances of OpenSearch. These are called nodes. In a node, you'll be adding at least one index. Indices conceptually are a bit like tables in relational databases. (However, OpenSearch isn't ACID compliant, so it shouldn't be used that way). You'll populate your index with data that you upload to the OpenSearch service. When your data is uploaded, it will be indexed in one or more shards that exist in the index. A shard is like a partition of your index that contains some of your data and can be queried separately from other shards. Once uploaded, your data will be structured as JSON files called documents. You can then query the node for data in the document.

HTTP endpoints

You can use HTTP endpoints as data sources. AWS AppSync can send requests to the endpoints with the relevant information like params and payload. The HTTP response will be exposed to the resolver, which will return the final response after it finishes its operation(s).

Adding a data source

If you created a data source, you can link it to the AWS AppSync service and, more specifically, the API.

Console

Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the AppSync console.
1. Choose your API in the Dashboard.
2. In the Sidebar, choose Data Sources.
Choose Create data source.
1. Give your data source a name. You can also give it a description, but that's optional.
2. Choose your Data source type.
3. For DynamoDB, you'll have to choose your Region, then the table in the Region. You can dictate interaction rules with your table by choosing to make a new generic table role or importing an existing role for the table. You can enable versioning, which can automatically create versions of data for each request when multiple clients are trying to update data at the same time. Versioning is used to keep and maintain multiple variants of data for conflict detection and resolution purposes. You can also enable automatic schema generation, which takes your data source and generates some of the CRUD, List, and Query operations needed to access it in your schema.
  
  For OpenSearch, you'll have to choose your Region, then the domain (cluster) in the Region. You can dictate interaction rules with your domain by choosing to make a new generic table role or importing an existing role for the table.
  
  For Lambda, you'll have to choose your Region, then the ARN of the Lambda function in the Region. You can dictate interaction rules with your Lambda function by choosing to make a new generic table role or importing an existing role for the table.
  
  For HTTP, you'll have to enter your HTTP endpoint.
  
  For EventBridge, you'll have to choose your Region, then the event bus in the Region. You can dictate interaction rules with your event bus by choosing to make a new generic table role or importing an existing role for the table.
  
  For RDS, you'll have to choose your Region, then the secret store (username and password), database name, and schema.
  
  For none, you will add a data source with no actual data source. This is for handling resolvers locally rather than through an actual data source.
  
  Note
  If you're importing existing roles, they need a trust policy. For more information, see the IAM trust policy.
Choose Create.

Note
Alternatively, if you're creating a DynamoDB data source, you can go to the Schema page in the console, choose Create Resources at the top of the page, then fill out a predefined model to convert into a table. In this option, you will fill out or import the base type, configure the basic table data including the partition key, and review the schema changes.

CLI

Create your data source by running the create-data-source command.

You'll need to enter a few parameters for this particular command:
1. The api-id of your API.
2. The name of your table.
3. The type of data source. Depending on the data source type you choose, you may need to enter a service-role-arn and a -config tag.
An example command may look like this:
```
 aws appsync create-data-source --api-id abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz --name data_source_name --type data_source_type --service-role-arn arn:aws:iam::107289374856:role/role_name --[data_source_type]-config {params}
```

CDK

Tip

Before you use the CDK, we recommend reviewing the CDK's official documentation along with AWS AppSync's CDK reference.

The steps listed below will only show a general example of the snippet used to add a particular resource. This is not meant to be a working solution in your production code. We also assume you already have a working app.

To add your particular data source, you'll need to add the construct to your stack file. A list of data source types can be found here:

In general, you may have to add the import directive to the service you're using. For example, it may follow the forms:


import * as x from 'x'; # import wildcard as the 'x' keyword from 'x-service'
import {a, b, ...} from 'c'; # import {specific constructs} from 'c-service'

For example, here's how you could import the AWS AppSync and DynamoDB services:


import * as appsync from 'aws-cdk-lib/aws-appsync';
import * as dynamodb from 'aws-cdk-lib/aws-dynamodb';

Some services like RDS require some additional setup in the stack file before creating the data source (e.g., VPC creation, roles, and access credentials). Consult the examples in the relevant CDK pages for more information.
For most data sources, especially AWS services, you'll be creating a new instance of the data source in your stack file. Typically, this will look like the following:
```
const add_data_source_func = new service_scope.resource_name(scope: Construct, id: string, props: data_source_props);
```
For example, here's an example Amazon DynamoDB table:
```
const add_ddb_table = new dynamodb.Table(this, 'Table_ID', {
  partitionKey: {
    name: 'id',
    type: dynamodb.AttributeType.STRING,
  },
  sortKey: {
    name: 'id',
    type: dynamodb.AttributeType.STRING,
  },
  tableClass: dynamodb.TableClass.STANDARD,
});
```
Note
Most data sources will have at least one required prop (will be denoted without a ? symbol). Consult the CDK documentation to see which props are needed.
Next, you need to link the data source to the GraphQL API. The recommended method is to add it when you make a function for your pipeline resolver. For instance, the snippet below is a function that scans all elements in a DynamoDB table:
```
const add_func = new appsync.AppsyncFunction(this, 'func_ID', {
  name: 'func_name_in_console',
  add_api,
  dataSource: add_api.addDynamoDbDataSource('data_source_name_in_console', add_ddb_table),
  code: appsync.Code.fromInline(`
      export function request(ctx) {
        return { operation: 'Scan' };
      }

      export function response(ctx) {
        return ctx.result.items;
      }
  `),
  runtime: appsync.FunctionRuntime.JS_1_0_0,
});
```
In the dataSource props, you can call the GraphQL API (add_api) and use one of its built-in methods (addDynamoDbDataSource) to make the association between the table and the GraphQL API. The arguments are the name of this link that will exist in the AWS AppSync console (data_source_name_in_console in this example) and the table method (add_ddb_table). More on this topic will be revealed in the next section when you start making resolvers.

There are alternative methods for linking a data source. You could technically add api to the props list in the table function. For example, here's the snippet from step 3 but with an api props containing a GraphQL API:
```
const add_api = new appsync.GraphqlApi(this, 'API_ID', {
  ...
});

const add_ddb_table = new dynamodb.Table(this, 'Table_ID', {

 ...

  api: add_api
});
```
Alternatively, you can call the GraphqlApi construct separately:
```
const add_api = new appsync.GraphqlApi(this, 'API_ID', {
  ...
});

const add_ddb_table = new dynamodb.Table(this, 'Table_ID', {
  ...
});

const link_data_source = add_api.addDynamoDbDataSource('data_source_name_in_console', add_ddb_table);
```
We recommend only creating the association in the function's props. Otherwise, you'll either have to link your resolver function to the data source manually in the AWS AppSync console (if you want to keep using the console value data_source_name_in_console) or create a separate association in the function under another name like data_source_name_in_console_2. This is due to limitations in how the props process information.

Note
You'll have to redeploy the app to see your changes.

IAM trust policy

If you’re using an existing IAM role for your data source, you need to grant that role the appropriate permissions to perform operations on your AWS resource, such as PutItem on an Amazon DynamoDB table. You also need to modify the trust policy on that role to allow AWS AppSync to use it for resource access as shown in the following example policy:


{
    "Version": "2012-10-17",
    "Statement": [
        {
        "Effect": "Allow",
        "Principal": {
            "Service": "appsync.amazonaws.com"
        },
        "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
        }
    ]
}

You can also add conditions to your trust policy to limit access to the data source as desired. Currently, SourceArn and SourceAccount keys can be used in these conditions. For example, the following policy limits access to your data source to the account 123456789012:


{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "appsync.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole",
      "Condition": {
        "StringEquals": {
          "aws:SourceAccount": "123456789012"
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}

Alternatively, you can limit access to a data source to a specific API, such as abcdefghijklmnopq, using the following policy:


{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "appsync.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole",
      "Condition": {
        "ArnEquals": {
          "aws:SourceArn": "arn:aws:appsync:us-west-2:123456789012:apis/abcdefghijklmnopq"
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}

You can limit access to all AWS AppSync APIs from a specific region, such as us-east-1, using the following policy:


{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "appsync.amazonaws.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole",
      "Condition": {
        "ArnEquals": {
          "aws:SourceArn": "arn:aws:appsync:us-east-1:123456789012:apis/*"
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}

In the next section (Configuring Resolvers), we'll add our resolver business logic and attach it to the fields in our schema to process the data in our data source.

For more information regarding role policy configuration, see Modifying a role in the IAM User Guide.

For more information regarding cross-account access of AWS Lambda resolvers for AWS AppSync, see Building cross-account AWS Lambda resolvers for AWS AppSync.

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Document Conventions

Designing your GraphQL schema

Configuring AWS AppSync resolvers

Attaching a data source in AWS AppSync

Types of data sources

Amazon DynamoDB

AWS Lambda

Amazon RDS

Amazon EventBridge

None data sources

OpenSearch

HTTP endpoints

Adding a data source

Note

Note

Tip

Note

Note

IAM trust policy