Using AWS Lambda with Amazon DynamoDB

Note

If you want to send data to a target other than a Lambda function or enrich the data before sending it, see Amazon EventBridge Pipes.

You can use an AWS Lambda function to process records in an Amazon DynamoDB stream. With DynamoDB Streams, you can trigger a Lambda function to perform additional work each time a DynamoDB table is updated.

Topics

• Polling and batching streams
• Polling and stream starting positions
• Simultaneous readers of a shard in DynamoDB Streams
• Example event
• Process DynamoDB records with Lambda
• Configuring partial batch response with DynamoDB and Lambda
• Retain discarded records for a DynamoDB event source in Lambda
• Implementing stateful DynamoDB stream processing in Lambda
• Lambda parameters for Amazon DynamoDB event source mappings
• Using event filtering with a DynamoDB event source
• Tutorial: Using AWS Lambda with Amazon DynamoDB streams

Polling and batching streams

Lambda polls shards in your DynamoDB stream for records at a base rate of 4 times per second. When records are available, Lambda invokes your function and waits for the result. If processing succeeds, Lambda resumes polling until it receives more records.

By default, Lambda invokes your function as soon as records are available. If the batch that Lambda reads from the event source has only one record in it, Lambda sends only one record to the function. To avoid invoking the function with a small number of records, you can tell the event source to buffer records for up to 5 minutes by configuring a batching window. Before invoking the function, Lambda continues to read records from the event source until it has gathered a full batch, the batching window expires, or the batch reaches the payload limit of 6 MB. For more information, see Batching behavior.

Warning

Lambda event source mappings process each event at least once, and duplicate processing of records can occur. To avoid potential issues related to duplicate events, we strongly recommend that you make your function code idempotent. To learn more, see How do I make my Lambda function idempotent in the AWS Knowledge Center.

Lambda doesn't wait for any configured extensions to complete before sending the next batch for processing. In other words, your extensions may continue to run as Lambda processes the next batch of records. This can cause throttling issues if you breach any of your account's concurrency settings or limits. To detect whether this is a potential issue, monitor your functions and check whether you're seeing higher concurrency metrics than expected for your event source mapping. Due to short times in between invokes, Lambda may briefly report higher concurrency usage than the number of shards. This can be true even for Lambda functions without extensions.

Configure the ParallelizationFactor setting to process one shard of a DynamoDB stream with more than one Lambda invocation simultaneously. You can specify the number of concurrent batches that Lambda polls from a shard via a parallelization factor from 1 (default) to 10. For example, when you set ParallelizationFactor to 2, you can have 200 concurrent Lambda invocations at maximum to process 100 DynamoDB stream shards (though in practice, you may see different values for the ConcurrentExecutions metric). This helps scale up the processing throughput when the data volume is volatile and the IteratorAge is high. When you increase the number of concurrent batches per shard, Lambda still ensures in-order processing at the item (partition and sort key) level.

Polling and stream starting positions

Be aware that stream polling during event source mapping creation and updates is eventually consistent.

• During event source mapping creation, it may take several minutes to start polling events from the stream.

• During event source mapping updates, it may take several minutes to stop and restart polling events from the stream.

This behavior means that if you specify LATEST as the starting position for the stream, the event source mapping could miss events during creation or updates. To ensure that no events are missed, specify the stream starting position as TRIM_HORIZON.

Simultaneous readers of a shard in DynamoDB Streams

For single-Region tables that are not global tables, you can design for up to two Lambda functions to read from the same DynamoDB Streams shard at the same time. Exceeding this limit can result in request throttling. For global tables, we recommend you limit the number of simultaneous functions to one to avoid request throttling.

Example event

{
  "Records": [
    {
      "eventID": "1",
      "eventVersion": "1.0",
      "dynamodb": {
        "Keys": {
          "Id": {
            "N": "101"
          }
        },
        "NewImage": {
          "Message": {
            "S": "New item!"
          },
          "Id": {
            "N": "101"
          }
        },
        "StreamViewType": "NEW_AND_OLD_IMAGES",
        "SequenceNumber": "111",
        "SizeBytes": 26
      },
      "awsRegion": "us-west-2",
      "eventName": "INSERT",
      "eventSourceARN": "arn:aws:dynamodb:us-east-2:123456789012:table/my-table/stream/2024-06-10T19:26:16.525",
      "eventSource": "aws:dynamodb"
    },
    {
      "eventID": "2",
      "eventVersion": "1.0",
      "dynamodb": {
        "OldImage": {
          "Message": {
            "S": "New item!"
          },
          "Id": {
            "N": "101"
          }
        },
        "SequenceNumber": "222",
        "Keys": {
          "Id": {
            "N": "101"
          }
        },
        "SizeBytes": 59,
        "NewImage": {
          "Message": {
            "S": "This item has changed"
          },
          "Id": {
            "N": "101"
          }
        },
        "StreamViewType": "NEW_AND_OLD_IMAGES"
      },
      "awsRegion": "us-west-2",
      "eventName": "MODIFY",
      "eventSourceARN": "arn:aws:dynamodb:us-east-2:123456789012:table/my-table/stream/2024-06-10T19:26:16.525",
      "eventSource": "aws:dynamodb"
    }
  ]}