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User Guide for Linux Instances

AWS Documentation » Amazon EC2 » User Guide for Linux Instances » Amazon EC2 Instances » Instance Types » Compute Optimized Instances

Compute Optimized Instances

Compute optimized instances are ideal for compute-bound applications that benefit from high-performance processors. They are well suited for the following applications:

  • Batch processing workloads

  • Media transcoding

  • High-performance web servers

  • High-performance computing (HPC)

  • Scientific modeling

  • Dedicated gaming servers and ad serving engines

  • Machine learning inference and other compute-intensive applications

Hardware Specifications

The following is a summary of the hardware specifications for compute optimized instances.

Instance type Default vCPUs Memory (GiB)
c4.large 2 3.75
c4.xlarge 4 7.5
c4.2xlarge 8 15
c4.4xlarge 16 30
c4.8xlarge 36 60
c5.large 2 4
c5.xlarge 4 8
c5.2xlarge 8 16
c5.4xlarge 16 32
c5.9xlarge 36 72
c5.18xlarge 72 144
c5d.large 2 4
c5d.xlarge 4 8
c5d.2xlarge 8 16
c5d.4xlarge 16 32
c5d.9xlarge 36 72
c5d.18xlarge 72 144

For more information about the hardware specifications for each Amazon EC2 instance type, see Amazon EC2 Instance Types.

For more information about specifying CPU options, see Optimizing CPU Options.

Instance Performance

EBS-optimized instances enable you to get consistently high performance for your EBS volumes by eliminating contention between Amazon EBS I/O and other network traffic from your instance. C4, C5, and C5d instances are EBS-optimized by default at no additional cost. For more information, see Amazon EBS–Optimized Instances.

The c4.8xlarge instance type provides the ability to control processor C-states and P-states on Linux. The c5.9xlarge, c5.18xlarge, c5d.9xlarge, and c5d.18xlarge instance types provide the ability to control processor C-states. C-states control the sleep levels that a core can enter when it is inactive, while P-states control the desired performance (in CPU frequency) from a core. For more information, see Processor State Control for Your EC2 Instance.

Network Performance

You can enable enhanced networking capabilities on supported instance types. Enhanced networking provides significantly higher packet-per-second (PPS) performance, lower network jitter, and lower latencies. For more information, see Enhanced Networking on Linux.

Instance types that use the Elastic Network Adapter (ENA) for enhanced networking deliver high packet per second performance with consistently low latencies. Most applications do not consistently need a high level of network performance, but can benefit from having access to increased bandwidth when they send or receive data. Instance types that use the ENA and support up to 10 Gbps of throughput use a network I/O credit mechanism to allocate network bandwidth to instances based on average bandwidth utilization. These instances accrue credits when their network throughput is below their baseline limits, and can use these credits when they perform network data transfers. For workloads that require access to 10 Gbps of bandwidth or more on a sustained basis, we recommend using instance types that support 10 Gbps or 25 Gbps network speeds.

The following is a summary of network performance for compute optimized instances that support enhanced networking.

Instance type Network performance Enhanced networking

c5.4xlarge and smaller | c5d.4xlarge and smaller

Up to 10 Gbps ENA
c5.9xlarge | c5d.9xlarge 10 Gbps ENA
c5.18xlarge | c5d.18xlarge 25 Gbps ENA
c4.large Moderate Intel 82599 VF
c4.xlarge | c4.2xlarge | c4.4xlarge High Intel 82599 VF
c4.8xlarge 10 Gbps Intel 82599 VF

SSD I/O Performance

If you use a Linux AMI with kernel version 4.4 or later and use all the SSD-based instance store volumes available to your instance, you get the IOPS (4,096 byte block size) performance listed in the following table (at queue depth saturation). Otherwise, you get lower IOPS performance.

Instance Size 100% Random Read IOPS Write IOPS

c5d.large *

20,000

9,000

c5d.xlarge *

40,000

18,000

c5d.2xlarge *

80,000

37,000

c5d.4xlarge *

175,000

75,000

c5d.9xlarge

350,000

170,000

c5d.18xlarge

700,000

340,000

* For these instances, you can get up to the specified performance.

As you fill the SSD-based instance store volumes for your instance, the number of write IOPS that you can achieve decreases. This is due to the extra work the SSD controller must do to find available space, rewrite existing data, and erase unused space so that it can be rewritten. This process of garbage collection results in internal write amplification to the SSD, expressed as the ratio of SSD write operations to user write operations. This decrease in performance is even larger if the write operations are not in multiples of 4,096 bytes or not aligned to a 4,096-byte boundary. If you write a smaller amount of bytes or bytes that are not aligned, the SSD controller must read the surrounding data and store the result in a new location. This pattern results in significantly increased write amplification, increased latency, and dramatically reduced I/O performance.

SSD controllers can use several strategies to reduce the impact of write amplification. One such strategy is to reserve space in the SSD instance storage so that the controller can more efficiently manage the space available for write operations. This is called over-provisioning. The SSD-based instance store volumes provided to an instance don't have any space reserved for over-provisioning. To reduce write amplification, we recommend that you leave 10% of the volume unpartitioned so that the SSD controller can use it for over-provisioning. This decreases the storage that you can use, but increases performance even if the disk is close to full capacity.

For instance store volumes that support TRIM, you can use the TRIM command to notify the SSD controller whenever you no longer need data that you've written. This provides the controller with more free space, which can reduce write amplification and increase performance. For more information, see Instance Store Volume TRIM Support.

Instance Features

The following is a summary of features for compute optimized instances:

EBS only NVMe EBS Instance store Placement group

C4

Yes

Yes

C5

Yes

Yes

Yes
C5d Yes

NVMe *

 Yes

* The root device volume must be an Amazon EBS volume.

For more information, see the following:

Release Notes

  • C4, C5, and C5d instances require 64-bit EBS-backed HVM AMIs. They have high-memory (up to 144 GiB of RAM), and require a 64-bit operating system to take advantage of that capacity. HVM AMIs provide superior performance in comparison to paravirtual (PV) AMIs on high-memory instance types. In addition, you must use an HVM AMI to take advantage of enhanced networking.

  • C5 and C5d instances have the following requirements:

    • Must have the NVMe drivers installed. EBS volumes are exposed as NVMe block devices.

    • Must have the Elastic Network Adapter (ENA) drivers installed.

    The following AMIs meet these requirements:

    • Amazon Linux 2

    • Amazon Linux AMI 2014.03 or later

    • Ubuntu 14.04 or later

    • SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 or later

    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.4 or later

    • CentOS 7 or later

    • FreeBSD 11.1-RELEASE

    • Windows Server 2008 R2 or later

  • C5 instances support a maximum of 27 EBS volumes plus elastic network interface attachments. For example, c5.2xlarge instances support four network interfaces. Every instance has at least one network interface. If you have a c5.2xlarge instance with three additional elastic network interface attachments, you can attach 24 EBS volumes to that instance.

  • The c5d.18xlarge instance type supports a maximum of 25 EBS volumes plus elastic network interface attachments. Other sizes of C5d instances support a maximum of 26 EBS volumes plus elastic network interfaces.

  • C5 and C5d instances should have acpid installed to support clean shutdown through API requests.

  • There is a limit on the total number of instances that you can launch in a region, and there are additional limits on some instance types. For more information, see How many instances can I run in Amazon EC2?. To request a limit increase, use the Amazon EC2 Instance Request Form.