General purpose instances - Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
Hardware specificationsInstance performanceNetwork performanceSSD I/O performanceInstance featuresRelease notes

General purpose instances

General purpose instances provide a balance of compute, memory, and networking resources, and can be used for a wide range of workloads.

M5 and M5a instances

These instances provide an ideal cloud infrastructure, offering a balance of compute, memory, and networking resources for a broad range of applications that are deployed in the cloud. They are well-suited for the following:

  • Small and midsize databases

  • Data processing tasks that require additional memory

  • Caching fleets

  • Backend servers for SAP, Microsoft SharePoint, cluster computing, and other enterprise applications

For more information, see Amazon EC2 M5 Instances.

Bare metal instances, such as m5.metal, provide your applications with direct access to physical resources of the host server, such as processors and memory.

M5zn

These instances are ideal for applications that benefit from extremely high single-thread performance, high throughput, and low latency networking. They are well-suited for the following:

  • Gaming

  • High performance computing

  • Simulation modeling

For more information, see Amazon EC2 M5 Instances.

Bare metal instances, such as m5zn.metal, provide your applications with direct access to physical resources of the host server, such as processors and memory.

M6g and M6gd instances

These instances are powered by AWS Graviton2 processors and deliver balanced compute, memory, and networking for a broad range a general purpose workloads. They are well suited for the following:

  • Application servers

  • Microservices

  • Gaming servers

  • Midsize data stores

  • Caching fleets

Bare metal instances, such as m6g.metal, provide your applications with direct access to physical resources of the host server, such as processors and memory.

For more information, see Amazon EC2 M6g Instances.

M6i instances

These instances are well suited for general-purpose workloads such as the following:

  • Application servers and web servers

  • Microservices

  • High performance computing

  • App development

  • Small and midsize databases

  • Caching fleets

Bare metal instances, such as m6i.metal, provide your applications with direct access to physical resources of the host server, such as processors and memory.

For more information, see Amazon EC2 M6i Instances.

Mac1 instances

These instances are powered by Apple Mac mini computers. They provide up to 10 Gbps of network bandwidth and 8 Gbps EBS bandwidth through high-speed Thunderbolt 3 connections. They are well suited to develop, build, test, and sign applications for Apple devices, such as iPhone, iPad, iPod, Mac, Apple Watch, and Apple TV.

For more information, see Amazon EC2 Mac instances.

T2, T3, T3a, and T4g instances

These instances provide a baseline level of CPU performance with the ability to burst to a higher level when required by your workload. An Unlimited instance can sustain high CPU performance for any period of time whenever required. For more information, see Burstable performance instances. They are well-suited for the following:

  • Websites and web applications

  • Code repositories

  • Development, build, test, and staging environments

  • Microservices

For more information, see Amazon EC2 T2 Instances, Amazon EC2 T3 Instances, and Amazon EC2 T4g Instances.

Contents

Hardware specifications

The following is a summary of the hardware specifications for general purpose instances.

Instance type Default vCPUs Memory (GiB)
m4.large 2 8
m4.xlarge 4 16
m4.2xlarge 8 32
m4.4xlarge 16 64
m4.10xlarge 40 160
m4.16xlarge 64 256
m5.large 2 8
m5.xlarge 4 16
m5.2xlarge 8 32
m5.4xlarge 16 64
m5.8xlarge 32 128
m5.12xlarge 48 192
m5.16xlarge 64 256
m5.24xlarge 96 384
m5.metal 96 384
m5a.large 2 8
m5a.xlarge 4 16
m5a.2xlarge 8 32
m5a.4xlarge 16 64
m5a.8xlarge 32 128
m5a.12xlarge 48 192
m5a.16xlarge 64 256
m5a.24xlarge 96 384
m5ad.large 2 8
m5ad.xlarge 4 16
m5ad.2xlarge 8 32
m5ad.4xlarge 16 64
m5ad.8xlarge 32 128
m5ad.12xlarge 48 192
m5ad.16xlarge 64 256
m5ad.24xlarge 96 384
m5d.large 2 8
m5d.xlarge 4 16
m5d.2xlarge 8 32
m5d.4xlarge 16 64
m5d.8xlarge 32 128
m5d.12xlarge 48 192
m5d.16xlarge 64 256
m5d.24xlarge 96 384
m5d.metal 96 384
m5dn.large 2 8
m5dn.xlarge 4 16
m5dn.2xlarge 8 32
m5dn.4xlarge 16 64
m5dn.8xlarge 32 128
m5dn.12xlarge 48 192
m5dn.16xlarge 64 256
m5dn.24xlarge 96 384
m5dn.metal 96 384
m5n.large 2 8
m5n.xlarge 4 16
m5n.2xlarge 8 32
m5n.4xlarge 16 64
m5n.8xlarge 32 128
m5n.12xlarge 48 192
m5n.16xlarge 64 256
m5n.24xlarge 96 384
m5n.metal 96 384
m5zn.large 2 8
m5zn.xlarge 4 16
m5zn.2xlarge 8 32
m5zn.3xlarge 12 48
m5zn.6xlarge 24 96
m5zn.12xlarge 48 192
m5zn.metal 48 192
m6g.medium 1 4
m6g.large 2 8
m6g.xlarge 4 16
m6g.2xlarge 8 32
m6g.4xlarge 16 64
m6g.8xlarge 32 128
m6g.12xlarge 48 192
m6g.16xlarge 64 256
m6g.metal 64 256
m6gd.medium 1 4
m6gd.large 2 8
m6gd.xlarge 4 16
m6gd.2xlarge 8 32
m6gd.4xlarge 16 64
m6gd.8xlarge 32 128
m6gd.12xlarge 48 192
m6gd.16xlarge 64 256
m6gd.metal 64 256
m6i.large 2 8
m6i.xlarge 4 16
m6i.2xlarge 8 32
m6i.4xlarge 16 64
m6i.8xlarge 32 128
m6i.12xlarge 48 192
m6i.16xlarge 64 256
m6i.24xlarge 96 384
m6i.32xlarge 128 512
m6i.metal 128 512
mac1.metal 12 32
t2.nano 1 0.5
t2.micro 1 1
t2.small 1 2
t2.medium 2 4
t2.large 2 8
t2.xlarge 4 16
t2.2xlarge 8 32
t3.nano 2 0.5
t3.micro 2 1
t3.small 2 2
t3.medium 2 4
t3.large 2 8
t3.xlarge 4 16
t3.2xlarge 8 32
t3a.nano 2 0.5
t3a.micro 2 1
t3a.small 2 2
t3a.medium 2 4
t3a.large 2 8
t3a.xlarge 4 16
t3a.2xlarge 8 32
t4g.nano 2 0.5
t4g.micro 2 1
t4g.small 2 2
t4g.medium 2 4
t4g.large 2 8
t4g.xlarge 4 16
t4g.2xlarge 8 32

For more information about the hardware specifications for each Amazon EC2 instance type, see Amazon EC2 Instance Types.

For more information about specifying CPU options, see Optimize CPU options.

Instance performance

EBS-optimized instances enable you to get consistently high performance for your EBS volumes by eliminating contention between Amazon EBS I/O and other network traffic from your instance. Some general purpose instances are EBS-optimized by default at no additional cost. For more information, see Amazon EBS–optimized instances.

Some general purpose instance types provide the ability to control processor C-states and P-states on Linux. C-states control the sleep levels that a core can enter when it is inactive, while P-states control the desired performance (in CPU frequency) from a core. For more information, see Processor state control for your EC2 instance.

Network performance

You can enable enhanced networking on supported instance types to provide lower latencies, lower network jitter, and higher packet-per-second (PPS) performance. Most applications do not consistently need a high level of network performance, but can benefit from access to increased bandwidth when they send or receive data. For more information, see Enhanced networking on Linux.

The following is a summary of network performance for general purpose instances that support enhanced networking.

Instance type Network performance Enhanced networking
T2 Up to 1 Gbps Not supported
T3 | T3a | T4g Up to 5 Gbps † ENA
m4.large Moderate Intel 82599 VF
m4.xlarge | m4.2xlarge | m4.4xlarge High Intel 82599 VF
m5.4xlarge and smaller | m5a.8xlarge and smaller | m5ad.8xlarge and smaller | m5d.4xlarge and smaller | m6g.4xlarge and smaller | m6gd.4xlarge and smaller Up to 10 Gbps † ENA
m4.10xlarge 10 Gbps Intel 82599 VF
m5.8xlarge | m5a.12xlarge | m5ad.12xlarge | m5d.8xlarge | m5d.12xlarge | mac1.metal 10 Gbps ENA
m5.12xlarge | m5a.16xlarge | m5ad.16xlarge | m6g.8xlarge | m6gd.8xlarge 12 Gbps ENA
m6i.4xlarge and smaller Up to 12.5 Gbps † ENA
m6i.8xlarge 12.5 Gbps ENA
m6i.12xlarge 18.75 Gbps ENA
m5.16xlarge | m5a.24xlarge | m5ad.24xlarge | m5d.16xlarge | m6g.12xlarge | m6gd.12xlarge 20 Gbps ENA
m5dn.4xlarge and smaller | m5n.4xlarge and smaller | m5zn.3xlarge and smaller Up to 25 Gbps † ENA
m4.16xlarge | m5.24xlarge | m5.metal | m5d.24xlarge | m5d.metal | m5dn.8xlarge | m5n.8xlarge | m6g.16xlarge | m6g.metal | m6gd.16xlarge | m6gd.metal | m6i.16xlarge 25 Gbps ENA
m6i.24xlarge 37.5 Gbps ENA
m5dn.12xlarge | m5n.12xlarge | m5zn.6xlarge | m6i.32xlarge | m6i.metal 50 Gbps ENA
m5dn.16xlarge | m5n.16xlarge 75 Gbps ENA
m5dn.24xlarge | m5dn.metal | m5n.24xlarge | m5n.metal | m5zn.12xlarge | m5zn.metal 100 Gbps ENA, EFA

† These instances have a baseline bandwidth and can use a network I/O credit mechanism to burst beyond their baseline bandwidth on a best effort basis. For more information, see instance network bandwidth.

Instance type Baseline bandwidth (Gbps) Burst bandwidth (Gbps)
m5.large .75 10
m5.xlarge 1.25 10
m5.2xlarge 2.5 10
m5.4xlarge 5 10
m5a.large .75 10
m5a.xlarge 1.25 10
m5a.2xlarge 2.5 10
m5a.4xlarge 5 10
m5ad.large .75 10
m5ad.xlarge 1.25 10
m5ad.2xlarge 2.5 10
m5ad.4xlarge 5 10
m5d.large .75 10
m5d.xlarge 1.25 10
m5d.2xlarge 2.5 10
m5d.4xlarge 5 10
m5dn.large 2.1 25
m5dn.xlarge 4.1 25
m5dn.2xlarge 8.125 25
m5dn.4xlarge 16.25 25
m5n.large 2.1 25
m5n.xlarge 4.1 25
m5n.2xlarge 8.125 25
m5n.4xlarge 16.25 25
m5zn.large 3 25
m5zn.xlarge 5 25
m5zn.2xlarge 10 25
m5zn.3xlarge 15 25
m6g.medium .5 10
m6g.large .75 10
m6g.xlarge 1.25 10
m6g.2xlarge 2.5 10
m6g.4xlarge 5 10
m6gd.medium .5 10
m6gd.large .75 10
m6gd.xlarge 1.25 10
m6gd.2xlarge 2.5 10
m6gd.4xlarge 5 10
m6i.large .781 12.5
m6i.xlarge 1.562 12.5
m6i.2xlarge 3.125 12.5
m6i.4xlarge 6.25 12.5
t3.nano .032 5
t3.micro .064 5
t3.small .128 5
t3.medium .256 5
t3.large .512 5
t3.xlarge 1.024 5
t3.2xlarge 2.048 5
t3a.nano .032 5
t3a.micro .064 5
t3a.small .128 5
t3a.medium .256 5
t3a.large .512 5
t3a.xlarge 1.024 5
t3a.2xlarge 2.048 5
t4g.nano .032 5
t4g.micro .064 5
t4g.small .128 5
t4g.medium .256 5
t4g.large .512 5
t4g.xlarge 1.024 5
t4g.2xlarge 2.048 5

SSD I/O performance

If you use a Linux AMI with kernel version 4.4 or later and use all the SSD-based instance store volumes available to your instance, you get the IOPS (4,096 byte block size) performance listed in the following table (at queue depth saturation). Otherwise, you get lower IOPS performance.

Instance Size 100% Random Read IOPS Write IOPS
m5ad.large * 30,000 15,000
m5ad.xlarge * 59,000 29,000
m5ad.2xlarge * 117,000 57,000
m5ad.4xlarge * 234,000 114,000
m5ad.8xlarge 466,666 233,333
m5ad.12xlarge 700,000 340,000
m5ad.16xlarge 933,333 466,666
m5ad.24xlarge 1,400,000 680,000
m5d.large * 30,000 15,000
m5d.xlarge * 59,000 29,000
m5d.2xlarge * 117,000 57,000
m5d.4xlarge * 234,000 114,000
m5d.8xlarge 466,666 233,333
m5d.12xlarge 700,000 340,000
m5d.16xlarge 933,333 466,666
m5d.24xlarge 1,400,000 680,000
m5d.metal 1,400,000 680,000
m5dn.large * 30,000 15,000
m5dn.xlarge * 59,000 29,000
m5dn.2xlarge * 117,000 57,000
m5dn.4xlarge * 234,000 114,000
m5dn.8xlarge 466,666 233,333
m5dn.12xlarge 700,000 340,000
m5dn.16xlarge 933,333 466,666
m5dn.24xlarge 1,400,000 680,000
m5dn.metal

1,400,000

680,000
m6gd.medium 13,438 5,625
m6gd.large 26,875 11,250
m6gd.xlarge 53,750 22,500
m6gd.2xlarge 107,500 45,000
m6gd.4xlarge 215,000 90,000
m6gd.8xlarge 430,000 180,000
m6gd.12xlarge 645,000 270,000
m6gd.16xlarge 860,000 360,000
m6gd.metal 860,000 360,000

* For these instances, you can get up to the specified performance.

As you fill the SSD-based instance store volumes for your instance, the number of write IOPS that you can achieve decreases. This is due to the extra work the SSD controller must do to find available space, rewrite existing data, and erase unused space so that it can be rewritten. This process of garbage collection results in internal write amplification to the SSD, expressed as the ratio of SSD write operations to user write operations. This decrease in performance is even larger if the write operations are not in multiples of 4,096 bytes or not aligned to a 4,096-byte boundary. If you write a smaller amount of bytes or bytes that are not aligned, the SSD controller must read the surrounding data and store the result in a new location. This pattern results in significantly increased write amplification, increased latency, and dramatically reduced I/O performance.

SSD controllers can use several strategies to reduce the impact of write amplification. One such strategy is to reserve space in the SSD instance storage so that the controller can more efficiently manage the space available for write operations. This is called over-provisioning. The SSD-based instance store volumes provided to an instance don't have any space reserved for over-provisioning. To reduce write amplification, we recommend that you leave 10% of the volume unpartitioned so that the SSD controller can use it for over-provisioning. This decreases the storage that you can use, but increases performance even if the disk is close to full capacity.

For instance store volumes that support TRIM, you can use the TRIM command to notify the SSD controller whenever you no longer need data that you've written. This provides the controller with more free space, which can reduce write amplification and increase performance. For more information, see Instance store volume TRIM support.

Instance features

The following is a summary of features for general purpose instances:

EBS only NVMe EBS Instance store Placement group

M4

Yes

No

No

Yes

M5

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

M5a

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

M5ad

No

Yes

NVMe *

Yes

M5d

No

Yes

NVMe *

Yes

M5dn

No

Yes

NVMe *

Yes

M5n

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

M5zn

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

M6g

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

M6gd

No

Yes

NVMe *

 Yes

M6i

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Mac1

Yes

Yes

No

 No

T2

Yes

No

No

No

T3

Yes

Yes

No

No

T3a

Yes

Yes

No

No

T4g

Yes

Yes

No

No

* The root device volume must be an Amazon EBS volume.

For more information, see the following:

Release notes

  • M5, M5d, and T3 instances feature a 3.1 GHz Intel Xeon Platinum 8000 series processor from either the first generation (Skylake-SP) or second generation (Cascade Lake).

  • M5a, M5ad, and T3a instances feature a 2.5 GHz AMD EPYC 7000 series processor.

  • M5zn instances are powered by Intel Cascade Lake CPUs that deliver all-core turbo frequency of up to 4.5 GHz and up to 100 Gbps network bandwidth.

  • M6g and M6gd instances feature an AWS Graviton2 processor based on 64-bit Arm architecture.

  • M6i instances feature third generation Intel Xeon Scalable processors (Ice Lake) and support the Intel Advanced Vector Extensions 512 (Intel AVX-512) instruction set.

  • Mac1 instances feature a 3.2 GHz Intel eighth-generation (Coffee Lake) Core i7 processor.

  • T4g instances feature an AWS Graviton2 processor based on 64-bit Arm architecture.

  • Instances built on the Nitro System, M4, t2.large and larger, t3.large and larger, and t3a.large and larger instance types require 64-bit HVM AMIs. They have high-memory, and require a 64-bit operating system to take advantage of that capacity. HVM AMIs provide superior performance in comparison to paravirtual (PV) AMIs on high-memory instance types. In addition, you must use an HVM AMI to take advantage of enhanced networking.

  • Instances built on the Nitro System have the following requirements:

    The following Linux AMIs meet these requirements:

    • Amazon Linux 2

    • Amazon Linux AMI 2018.03

    • Ubuntu 14.04 (with linux-aws kernel) or later

    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.4 or later

    • SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP2 or later

    • CentOS 7.4.1708 or later

    • FreeBSD 11.1 or later

    • Debian GNU/Linux 9 or later

  • Instances with an AWS Graviton Processor have the following requirements:

    • Use an AMI for the 64-bit Arm architecture.

    • Support booting through UEFI with ACPI tables and support ACPI hot-plug of PCI devices.

    The following Linux AMIs meet these requirements:

    • Amazon Linux 2 (64-bit Arm)

    • Ubuntu 16.04 or later (64-bit Arm)

    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.0 or later (64-bit Arm)

    • SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 or later (64-bit Arm)

    • Debian 10 or later (64-bit Arm)

  • To get the best performance from your M6i instances, ensure that they have ENA driver version 2.2.9 or later. Using an ENA driver earlier than version 1.2 with these instances causes network interface attachment failures. The following AMIs have a compatible ENA driver.

    • Amazon Linux 2 with kernel 4.14.186

    • Ubuntu 20.04 with kernel 5.4.0-1025-aws

    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.3 with kernel 4.18.0-240.1.1.el8_3.ARCH

    • SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP2 with kernel 5.3.18-24.15.1

  • Amazon EC2 Mac instances support macOS Mojave (version 10.14), macOS Catalina (version 10.15), and macOS Big Sur (version 11).

  • Instances built on the Nitro System support a maximum of 28 attachments, including network interfaces, EBS volumes, and NVMe instance store volumes. For more information, see Nitro System volume limits.

  • Launching a bare metal instance boots the underlying server, which includes verifying all hardware and firmware components. This means that it can take 20 minutes from the time the instance enters the running state until it becomes available over the network.

  • To attach or detach EBS volumes or secondary network interfaces from a bare metal instance requires PCIe native hotplug support. Amazon Linux 2 and the latest versions of the Amazon Linux AMI support PCIe native hotplug, but earlier versions do not. You must enable the following Linux kernel configuration options:

    CONFIG_HOTPLUG_PCI_PCIE=y
CONFIG_PCIEASPM=y

  • Bare metal instances use a PCI-based serial device rather than an I/O port-based serial device. The upstream Linux kernel and the latest Amazon Linux AMIs support this device. Bare metal instances also provide an ACPI SPCR table to enable the system to automatically use the PCI-based serial device. The latest Windows AMIs automatically use the PCI-based serial device.

  • Instances built on the Nitro System should have system-logind or acpid installed to support clean shutdown through API requests.

  • There is a limit on the total number of instances that you can launch in a Region, and there are additional limits on some instance types. For more information, see How many instances can I run in Amazon EC2? in the Amazon EC2 FAQ.