Enhanced Monitoring

Amazon RDS provides metrics in real time for the operating system (OS) that your DB instance runs on. You can view the metrics for your DB instance using the console, or consume the Enhanced Monitoring JSON output from Amazon CloudWatch Logs in a monitoring system of your choice.

By default, Enhanced Monitoring metrics are stored in the CloudWatch Logs for 30 days. To modify the amount of time the metrics are stored in the CloudWatch Logs, change the retention for the RDSOSMetrics log group in the CloudWatch console. For more information, see Change Log Data Retention in CloudWatch Logs in the Amazon CloudWatch Logs User Guide.

The cost for using Enhanced Monitoring depends on several factors:

• You are only charged for Enhanced Monitoring that exceeds the free tier provided by Amazon CloudWatch Logs.

  For more information about pricing, see Amazon CloudWatch Pricing.

• A smaller monitoring interval results in more frequent reporting of OS metrics and increases your monitoring cost.

• Usage costs for Enhanced Monitoring are applied for each DB instance that Enhanced Monitoring is enabled for. Monitoring a large number of DB instances is more expensive than monitoring only a few.

• DB instances that support a more compute-intensive workload have more OS process activity to report and higher costs for Enhanced Monitoring.

Enhanced Monitoring Availability

Enhanced Monitoring is available for the following database engines:

• MariaDB

• Microsoft SQL Server

• MySQL version 5.5 or later

• Oracle

• PostgreSQL

Enhanced Monitoring is available for all DB instance classes except for db.m1.small.

Differences Between CloudWatch and Enhanced Monitoring Metrics

CloudWatch gathers metrics about CPU utilization from the hypervisor for a DB instance, and Enhanced Monitoring gathers its metrics from an agent on the instance. As a result, you might find differences between the measurements, because the hypervisor layer performs a small amount of work. The differences can be greater if your DB instances use smaller instance classes, because then there are likely more virtual machines (VMs) that are managed by the hypervisor layer on a single physical instance. Enhanced Monitoring metrics are useful when you want to see how different processes or threads on a DB instance use the CPU.

Setting Up for and Enabling Enhanced Monitoring

To set up for and enable Enhanced Monitoring, take the steps listed following.

Before You Begin

Enhanced Monitoring requires permission to act on your behalf to send OS metric information to CloudWatch Logs. You grant Enhanced Monitoring the required permissions using an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) role.

The first time that you enable Enhanced Monitoring in the console, you can select the Default option for the Monitoring Role property to have RDS create the required IAM role. RDS then automatically creates a role named rds-monitoring-role for you, and uses it for the specified DB instance or read replica.

You can also create the required role before you enable Enhanced Monitoring, and then specify your new role's name when you enable Enhanced Monitoring. You must create this required role if you enable Enhanced Monitoring using the AWS CLI or the RDS API.

To create the appropriate IAM role to permit Amazon RDS to communicate with the Amazon CloudWatch Logs service on your behalf, take the following steps.

The user that enables Enhanced Monitoring must be granted the PassRole permission. For more information, see Example 2 in Granting a User Permissions to Pass a Role to an AWS Service in the IAM User Guide.

To create an IAM role for Amazon RDS Enhanced Monitoring

1. Open the IAM Console at https://console.aws.amazon.com.

2. In the navigation pane, choose Roles.

3. Choose Create role.

4. Choose the AWS service tab, and then choose RDS from the list of services.

5. Choose RDS - Enhanced Monitoring, and then choose Next: Permissions.

6. Ensure that the Attached permissions policy page shows AmazonRDSEnhancedMonitoringRole, and then choose Next: Tags.

7. On the Add tags page, choose Next: Review.

8. For Role Name, enter a name for your role, for example emaccess, and then choose Create role.

Enabling and Disabling Enhanced Monitoring

You can enable and disable Enhanced Monitoring using the AWS Management Console, AWS CLI, or RDS API.

Console

You can enable Enhanced Monitoring when you create a DB instance or read replica, or when you modify a DB instance. If you modify a DB instance to enable Enhanced Monitoring, you don't need to reboot your DB instance for the change to take effect.

You can enable Enhanced Monitoring in the RDS console when you do one of the following actions:

• Create a DB instance – You can enable Enhanced Monitoring in the Monitoring section under Additional configuration.

• Create a read replica – You can enable Enhanced Monitoring in the Monitoring section.

• Modify a DB instance – You can enable Enhanced Monitoring in the Monitoring section.

To enable Enhanced Monitoring by using the RDS console, scroll to the Monitoring section and do the following:

1. Choose Enable enhanced monitoring for your DB instance or read replica.

2. Set the Monitoring Role property to the IAM role that you created to permit Amazon RDS to communicate with Amazon CloudWatch Logs for you, or choose Default to have RDS create a role for you named rds-monitoring-role.

3. Set the Granularity property to the interval, in seconds, between points when metrics are collected for your DB instance or read replica. The Granularity property can be set to one of the following values: 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, or 60.

To disable Enhanced Monitoring, choose Disable enhanced monitoring.

Enabling Enhanced Monitoring doesn't require your DB instance to restart.

Note

The fastest that the RDS console refreshes is every 5 seconds. If you set the granularity to 1 second in the RDS console, you still see updated metrics only every 5 seconds. You can retrieve 1-second metric updates by using CloudWatch Logs.

AWS CLI

To enable Enhanced Monitoring using the AWS CLI, in the following commands, set the --monitoring-interval option to a value other than 0 and set the --monitoring-role-arn option to the role you created in Before You Begin.

• create-db-instance

• create-db-instance-read-replica

• modify-db-instance

The --monitoring-interval option specifies the interval, in seconds, between points when Enhanced Monitoring metrics are collected. Valid values for the option are 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60.

To disable Enhanced Monitoring using the AWS CLI, set the --monitoring-interval option to 0 in the these commands.

Example

The following example enables Enhanced Monitoring for a DB instance:

For Linux, macOS, or Unix:

aws rds modify-db-instance \
    --db-instance-identifier mydbinstance \
    --monitoring-interval 30 \
    --monitoring-role-arn arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/emaccess

For Windows:

aws rds modify-db-instance ^
    --db-instance-identifier mydbinstance ^
    --monitoring-interval 30 ^
    --monitoring-role-arn arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/emaccess

RDS API

To enable Enhanced Monitoring using the RDS API, in the following operations, set the MonitoringInterval parameter to a value other than 0 and set the MonitoringRoleArn parameter to the role you created in Before You Begin.

• CreateDBInstance

• CreateDBInstanceReadReplica

• ModifyDBInstance

The MonitoringInterval parameter specifies the interval, in seconds, between points when Enhanced Monitoring metrics are collected. Valid values for the parameter are 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60.

To disable Enhanced Monitoring using the RDS API, set the MonitoringInterval parameter to 0 in the these operations.

Viewing Enhanced Monitoring

You can view OS metrics reported by Enhanced Monitoring in the RDS console by choosing Enhanced monitoring for Monitoring.

The Enhanced Monitoring page is shown following.

Some DB instances use more than one disk for the DB instance's data storage volume. On those DB instances, the Physical Devices graphs show metrics for each one of the disks. For example, the following graph shows metrics for four disks.

Note

Currently, Physical Devices graphs are not available for Microsoft SQL Server DB instances.

When you are viewing aggregated Disk I/O and File system graphs, the rdsdev device relates to the /rdsdbdata file system, where all database files and logs are stored. The filesystem device relates to the / file system (also known as root), where files related to the operating system are stored.

If the DB instance is a Multi-AZ deployment, you can view the OS metrics for the primary DB instance and its Multi-AZ standby replica. In the Enhanced monitoring view, choose primary to view the OS metrics for the primary DB instance, or choose secondary to view the OS metrics for the standby replica.

For more information about Multi-AZ deployments, see High Availability (Multi-AZ) for Amazon RDS.

Note

Currently, viewing OS metrics for a Multi-AZ standby replica is not supported for MariaDB or Microsoft SQL Server DB instances.

If you want to see details for the processes running on your DB instance, choose OS process list for Monitoring.

The Process List view is shown following.

The Enhanced Monitoring metrics shown in the Process list view are organized as follows:

• RDS child processes – Shows a summary of the RDS processes that support the DB instance, for example mysqld for MySQL DB instances. Process threads appear nested beneath the parent process. Process threads show CPU utilization only as other metrics are the same for all threads for the process. The console displays a maximum of 100 processes and threads. The results are a combination of the top CPU consuming and memory consuming processes and threads. If there are more than 50 processes and more than 50 threads, the console displays the top 50 consumers in each category. This display helps you identify which processes are having the greatest impact on performance.

• RDS processes – Shows a summary of the resources used by the RDS management agent, diagnostics monitoring processes, and other AWS processes that are required to support RDS DB instances.

• OS processes – Shows a summary of the kernel and system processes, which generally have minimal impact on performance.

The items listed for each process are:

• VIRT – Displays the virtual size of the process.

• RES – Displays the actual physical memory being used by the process.

• CPU% – Displays the percentage of the total CPU bandwidth being used by the process.

• MEM% – Displays the percentage of the total memory being used by the process.

The monitoring data that is shown in the RDS console is retrieved from Amazon CloudWatch Logs. You can also retrieve the metrics for a DB instance as a log stream from CloudWatch Logs. For more information, see Viewing Enhanced Monitoring by Using CloudWatch Logs.

Enhanced Monitoring metrics are not returned during the following:

• A failover of the DB instance.

• Changing the instance class of the DB instance (scale compute).

Enhanced Monitoring metrics are returned during a reboot of a DB instance because only the database engine is rebooted. Metrics for the operating system are still reported.

Viewing Enhanced Monitoring by Using CloudWatch Logs

After you have enabled Enhanced Monitoring for your DB instance, you can view the metrics for your DB instance using CloudWatch Logs, with each log stream representing a single DB instance being monitored. The log stream identifier is the resource identifier (DbiResourceId) for the DB instance.

To view Enhanced Monitoring log data

1. Open the CloudWatch console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/cloudwatch/.

2. If necessary, choose the region that your DB instance is in. For more information, see Regions and Endpoints in the Amazon Web Services General Reference.

3. Choose Logs in the navigation pane.

4. Choose RDSOSMetrics from the list of log groups.

   In a Multi-AZ deployment, log files with -secondary appended to the name are for the Multi-AZ standby replica.

   

5. Choose the log stream that you want to view from the list of log streams.

Available OS Metrics

The following tables list the OS metrics available using Amazon CloudWatch Logs.

Metrics for MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, and PostgreSQL DB instances

Group	Metric	Console Name	Description
General	engine	Not applicable	The database engine for the DB instance.
	instanceID	Not applicable	The DB instance identifier.
	instanceResourceID	Not applicable	An immutable identifier for the DB instance that is unique to an AWS Region, also used as the log stream identifier.
	numVCPUs	Not applicable	The number of virtual CPUs for the DB instance.
	timestamp	Not applicable	The time at which the metrics were taken.
	uptime	Not applicable	The amount of time that the DB instance has been active.
	version	Not applicable	The version of the OS metrics' stream JSON format.
cpuUtilization	guest	CPU Guest	The percentage of CPU in use by guest programs.
	idle	CPU Idle	The percentage of CPU that is idle.
	irq	CPU IRQ	The percentage of CPU in use by software interrupts.
	nice	CPU Nice	The percentage of CPU in use by programs running at lowest priority.
	steal	CPU Steal	The percentage of CPU in use by other virtual machines.
	system	CPU System	The percentage of CPU in use by the kernel.
	total	CPU Total	The total percentage of the CPU in use. This value includes the nice value.
	user	CPU User	The percentage of CPU in use by user programs.
	wait	CPU Wait	The percentage of CPU unused while waiting for I/O access.
diskIO	avgQueueLen	Avg Queue Size	The number of requests waiting in the I/O device's queue.
	avgReqSz	Ave Request Size	The average request size, in kilobytes.
	await	Disk I/O Await	The number of milliseconds required to respond to requests, including queue time and service time.
	device	Not applicable	The identifier of the disk device in use.
	diskQueueDepth	Disk Queue Depth	The number of pending input and output (I/O) requests waiting to access the disk.
	readIOsPS	Read IO/s	The number of read operations per second.
	readKb	Read Total	The total number of kilobytes read.
	readKbPS	Read Kb/s	The number of kilobytes read per second.
	readLatency	Read Latency	The elapsed time between the submission of a read I/O request and its completion, in milliseconds. This metric is only available for Amazon Aurora.
	readThroughput	Read Throughput	The amount of network throughput used by requests to the DB cluster, in bytes per second. This metric is only available for Amazon Aurora.
	rrqmPS	Rrqms	The number of merged read requests queued per second.
	tps	TPS	The number of I/O transactions per second.
	util	Disk I/O Util	The percentage of CPU time during which requests were issued.
	writeIOsPS	Write IO/s	The number of write operations per second.
	writeKb	Write Total	The total number of kilobytes written.
	writeKbPS	Write Kb/s	The number of kilobytes written per second.
	writeLatency	Write Latency	The average elapsed time between the submission of a write I/O request and its completion, in milliseconds. This metric is only available for Amazon Aurora.
	writeThroughput	Write Throughput	The amount of network throughput used by responses from the DB cluster, in bytes per second. This metric is only available for Amazon Aurora.
	wrqmPS	Wrqms	The number of merged write requests queued per second.
physicalDeviceIO	avgQueueLen	Physical Devices Avg Queue Size	The number of requests waiting in the I/O device's queue.
	avgReqSz	Physical Devices Ave Request Size	The average request size, in kilobytes.
	await	Physical Devices Disk I/O Await	The number of milliseconds required to respond to requests, including queue time and service time.
	device	Not applicable	The identifier of the disk device in use.
	readIOsPS	Physical Devices Read IO/s	The number of read operations per second.
	readKb	Physical Devices Read Total	The total number of kilobytes read.
	readKbPS	Physical Devices Read Kb/s	The number of kilobytes read per second.
	rrqmPS	Physical Devices Rrqms	The number of merged read requests queued per second.
	tps	Physical Devices TPS	The number of I/O transactions per second.
	util	Physical Devices Disk I/O Util	The percentage of CPU time during which requests were issued.
	writeIOsPS	Physical Devices Write IO/s	The number of write operations per second.
	writeKb	Physical Devices Write Total	The total number of kilobytes written.
	writeKbPS	Physical Devices Write Kb/s	The number of kilobytes written per second.
	wrqmPS	Physical Devices Wrqms	The number of merged write requests queued per second.
fileSys	maxFiles	Max Inodes	The maximum number of files that can be created for the file system.
	mountPoint	Not applicable	The path to the file system.
	name	Not applicable	The name of the file system.
	total	Total Filesystem	The total number of disk space available for the file system, in kilobytes.
	used	Used Filesystem	The amount of disk space used by files in the file system, in kilobytes.
	usedFilePercent	Used %	The percentage of available files in use.
	usedFiles	Used Inodes	The number of files in the file system.
	usedPercent	Used Inodes %	The percentage of the file-system disk space in use.
loadAverageMinute	fifteen	Load Avg 15 min	The number of processes requesting CPU time over the last 15 minutes.
	five	Load Avg 5 min	The number of processes requesting CPU time over the last 5 minutes.
	one	Load Avg 1 min	The number of processes requesting CPU time over the last minute.
memory	active	Active Memory	The amount of assigned memory, in kilobytes.
	buffers	Buffered Memory	The amount of memory used for buffering I/O requests prior to writing to the storage device, in kilobytes.
	cached	Cached Memory	The amount of memory used for caching file system–based I/O.
	dirty	Dirty Memory	The amount of memory pages in RAM that have been modified but not written to their related data block in storage, in kilobytes.
	free	Free Memory	The amount of unassigned memory, in kilobytes.
	hugePagesFree	Huge Pages Free	The number of free huge pages. Huge pages are a feature of the Linux kernel.
	hugePagesRsvd	Huge Pages Rsvd	The number of committed huge pages.
	hugePagesSize	Huge Pages Size	The size for each huge pages unit, in kilobytes.
	hugePagesSurp	Huge Pages Surp	The number of available surplus huge pages over the total.
	hugePagesTotal	Huge Pages Total	The total number of huge pages.
	inactive	Inactive Memory	The amount of least-frequently used memory pages, in kilobytes.
	mapped	Mapped Memory	The total amount of file-system contents that is memory mapped inside a process address space, in kilobytes.
	pageTables	Page Tables	The amount of memory used by page tables, in kilobytes.
	slab	Slab Memory	The amount of reusable kernel data structures, in kilobytes.
	total	Total Memory	The total amount of memory, in kilobytes.
	writeback	Writeback Memory	The amount of dirty pages in RAM that are still being written to the backing storage, in kilobytes.
network	interface	Not applicable	The identifier for the network interface being used for the DB instance.
	rx	RX	The number of bytes received per second.
	tx	TX	The number of bytes uploaded per second.
processList	cpuUsedPc	CPU %	The percentage of CPU used by the process.
	id	Not applicable	The identifier of the process.
	memoryUsedPc	MEM%	The amount of memory used by the process, in kilobytes.
	name	Not applicable	The name of the process.
	parentID	Not applicable	The process identifier for the parent process of the process.
	rss	RES	The amount of RAM allocated to the process, in kilobytes.
	tgid	Not applicable	The thread group identifier, which is a number representing the process ID to which a thread belongs. This identifier is used to group threads from the same process.
	VIRT	VIRT	The amount of virtual memory allocated to the process, in kilobytes.
swap	swap	Swap	The amount of swap memory available, in kilobytes.
	swap in	Swaps in	The amount of memory, in kilobytes, swapped in from disk.
	swap out	Swaps out	The amount of memory, in kilobytes, swapped out to disk.
	free	Free Swap	The amount of swap memory free, in kilobytes.
	committed	Committed Swap	The amount of swap memory, in kilobytes, used as cache memory.
tasks	blocked	Tasks Blocked	The number of tasks that are blocked.
	running	Tasks Running	The number of tasks that are running.
	sleeping	Tasks Sleeping	The number of tasks that are sleeping.
	stopped	Tasks Stopped	The number of tasks that are stopped.
	total	Tasks Total	The total number of tasks.
	zombie	Tasks Zombie	The number of child tasks that are inactive with an active parent task.

Metrics for Microsoft SQL Server DB instances

Group	Metric	Console Name	Description
General	engine	Not applicable	The database engine for the DB instance.
	instanceID	Not applicable	The DB instance identifier.
	instanceResourceID	Not applicable	An immutable identifier for the DB instance that is unique to an AWS Region, also used as the log stream identifier.
	numVCPUs	Not applicable	The number of virtual CPUs for the DB instance.
	timestamp	Not applicable	The time at which the metrics were taken.
	uptime	Not applicable	The amount of time that the DB instance has been active.
	version	Not applicable	The version of the OS metrics' stream JSON format.
cpuUtilization	idle	CPU Idle	The percentage of CPU that is idle.
	kern	CPU Kernel	The percentage of CPU in use by the kernel.
	user	CPU User	The percentage of CPU in use by user programs.
disks	name	Not applicable	The identifier for the disk.
	totalKb	Total Disk Space	The total space of the disk, in kilobytes.
	usedKb	Used Disk Space	The amount of space used on the disk, in kilobytes.
	usedPc	Used Disk Space %	The percentage of space used on the disk.
	availKb	Available Disk Space	The space available on the disk, in kilobytes.
	availPc	Available Disk Space %	The percentage of space available on the disk.
	rdCountPS	Reads/s	The number of read operations per second
	rdBytesPS	Read Kb/s	The number of bytes read per second.
	wrCountPS	Write IO/s	The number of write operations per second.
	wrBytesPS	Write Kb/s	The amount of bytes written per second.
memory	commitTotKb	Commit Total	The amount of pagefile-backed virtual address space in use, that is, the current commit charge. This value is composed of main memory (RAM) and disk (pagefiles).
	commitLimitKb	Maximum Commit	The maximum possible value for the commitTotKb metric. This value is the sum of the current pagefile size plus the physical memory available for pageable contents, excluding RAM that is assigned to nonpageable areas.
	commitPeakKb	Commit Peak	The largest value of the commitTotKb metric since the operating system was last started.
	kernTotKb	Total Kernel Memory	The sum of the memory in the paged and nonpaged kernel pools, in kilobytes.
	kernPagedKb	Paged Kernel Memory	The amount of memory in the paged kernel pool, in kilobytes.
	kernNonpagedKb	Nonpaged Kerenel Memory	The amount of memory in the nonpaged kernel pool, in kilobytes.
	pageSize	Page Size	The size of a page, in bytes.
	physTotKb	Total Memory	The amount of physical memory, in kilobytes.
	physAvailKb	Available Memory	The amount of available physical memory, in kilobytes.
	sqlServerTotKb	SQL Server Total Memory	The amount of memory committed to SQL Server, in kilobytes.
	sysCacheKb	System Cache	The amount of system cache memory, in kilobytes.
network	interface	Not applicable	The identifier for the network interface being used for the DB instance.
	rdBytesPS	Network Read Kb/s	The number of bytes received per second.
	wrBytesPS	Network Write Kb/s	The number of bytes sent per second.
processList	cpuUsedPc	Used %	The percentage of CPU used by the process.
	memUsedPc	MEM%	The percentage of total memory used by the process.
	name	Not applicable	The name of the process.
	pid	Not applicable	The identifier of the process. This value is not present for processes that are owned by Amazon RDS.
	ppid	Not applicable	The process identifier for the parent of this process. This value is only present for child processes.
	tid	Not applicable	The thread identifier. This value is only present for threads. The owning process can be identified by using the pid value.
	workingSetKb	Not applicable	The amount of memory in the private working set plus the amount of memory that is in use by the process and can be shared with other processes, in kilobytes.
	workingSetPrivKb	Not applicable	The amount of memory that is in use by a process, but can't be shared with other processes, in kilobytes.
	workingSetShareableKb	Not applicable	The amount of memory that is in use by a process and can be shared with other processes, in kilobytes.
	virtKb	Not applicable	The amount of virtual address space the process is using, in kilobytes. Use of virtual address space doesn't necessarily imply corresponding use of either disk or main memory pages.
system	handles	Handles	The number of handles that the system is using.
	processes	Processes	The number of processes running on the system.
	threads	Threads	The number of threads running on the system.