What is Step Functions?

With AWS Step Functions, you can create workflows, also called state machines, to build distributed applications, automate processes, orchestrate microservices, and create data and machine learning pipelines.

Step Functions is based on state machines and tasks. In Step Functions, state machines are called workflows, which are a series of event-driven steps. Each step in a workflow is called a state. For example, a Task state represents a unit of work that another AWS service performs, such as calling another AWS service or API. Instances of running workflows performing tasks are called executions in Step Functions.

In the Step Functions' console, you can visualize, edit, and debug your application’s workflow. You can examine the state of each step in your workflow to make sure that your application runs in order and as expected.

Depending on your use case, you can have Step Functions call AWS services, such as Lambda, to perform tasks. You can have Step Functions control AWS services, such as AWS Glue, to create extract, transform, and load workflows. You also can create long-running, automated workflows for applications that require human interaction.

For a complete list of AWS regions where Step Functions is available, see the AWS Region Table.

Learn how to use Step Functions

To learn how to use Step Functions, follow the interactive modules in the AWS Step Functions Workshop, or see the Getting Started section in this guide.

Standard and Express workflows types

Step Functions has two workflow types:

• Standard workflows are ideal for long-running, auditable workflows, as they show execution history and visual debugging.

  Standard workflows have exactly-once workflow execution and can run for up to one year. This means that each step in a Standard workflow will execute exactly once.

• Express workflows are ideal for high-event-rate workloads, such as streaming data processing and IoT data ingestion.

  Express workflows have at-least-once workflow execution and can run for up to five minutes. This means that one or more steps in an Express Workflow can potentially run more than once, while each step in the workflow executes at least once.

Standard workflows	Express workflows
2,000 per second execution rate	100,000 per second execution rate
4,000 per second state transition rate	Nearly unlimited state transition rate
Priced by state transition	Priced by number and duration of executions
Show execution history and visual debugging	Show execution history and visual debugging based on log level
	Send execution history to Amazon CloudWatch
Support integrations with all services. Support optimized integrations with some services.	Support integrations with all services.
Support Request Response pattern for all services Support Run a Job and/or Wait for Callback patterns in specific services (see following section for details)	Support Request Response pattern for all services

For more information on Step Functions pricing and choosing workflow type, see the following:

• AWS Step Functions pricing

• Choosing workflow type in Step Functions

Integrating with other services

Step Functions integrates with multiple AWS services. To call other AWS services, you can use two integration types:

• AWS SDK integrations provide a way to call any AWS service directly from your state machine, giving you access to thousands of API actions.

• Optimized integrations provide custom options for using those services in your state machines.

To combine Step Functions with other services, there are three service integration patterns:

• Request Response (default)

  Call a service, and let Step Functions progress to the next state after it gets an HTTP response.

• Run a job (.sync)

  Call a service, and have Step Functions wait for a job to complete.

• Wait for a callback with a task token (.waitForTaskToken)

  Call a service with a task token, and have Step Functions wait until the task token returns with a callback.

Standard Workflows and Express Workflows support the same integrations but not the same integration patterns.

Express Workflows support Request Response, but they do not support Run a Job (.sync) or Wait for Callback (.waitForTaskToken).

For more information, see Choosing workflow type in Step Functions.

Supported AWS SDK integrations in Step Functions

Service	Request Response	Run a Job (.sync)	Wait for Callback (.waitForTaskToken)
Over two hundred services	Standard & Express	Not supported	Standard

Supported Optimized integrations in Step Functions

Service	Request Response	Run a Job (.sync)	Wait for Callback (.waitForTaskToken)
Amazon API Gateway	Standard & Express	Not supported	Standard
Amazon Athena	Standard & Express	Standard	Not supported
AWS Batch	Standard & Express	Standard	Not supported
Amazon Bedrock	Standard & Express	Standard	Standard
AWS CodeBuild	Standard & Express	Standard	Not supported
Amazon DynamoDB	Standard & Express	Not supported	Not supported
Amazon ECS/Fargate	Standard & Express	Standard	Standard
Amazon EKS	Standard & Express	Standard	Standard
Amazon EMR	Standard & Express	Standard	Not supported
Amazon EMR on EKS	Standard & Express	Standard	Not supported
Amazon EMR Serverless	Standard & Express	Standard	Not supported
Amazon EventBridge	Standard & Express	Not supported	Standard
AWS Glue	Standard & Express	Standard	Not supported
AWS Glue DataBrew	Standard & Express	Standard	Not supported
AWS Lambda	Standard & Express	Not supported	Standard
AWS Elemental MediaConvert	Standard & Express	Standard	Not supported
Amazon SageMaker	Standard & Express	Standard	Not supported
Amazon SNS	Standard & Express	Not supported	Standard
Amazon SQS	Standard & Express	Not supported	Standard
AWS Step Functions	Standard & Express	Standard	Standard

Example use cases for workflows

Step Functions manages your application's components and logic, so you can write less code and focus on building and updating your application quickly. The following image shows six use cases for Step Functions workflows.

1. Orchestrate tasks – You can create workflows that orchestrate a series of tasks, or steps, in a specific order. For example, Task A might be a Lambda function which provides inputs for another Lambda function in Task B. The last step in your workflow provides the final result.

2. Choose tasks based on data – Using a Choice state, you can have Step Functions make decisions based on the state’s input. For example, imagine that a customer requests a credit limit increase. If the request is more than your customer’s pre-approved credit limit, you can have Step Functions send your customer's request to a manager for sign-off. If the request is less than your customer’s pre-approved credit limit, you can have Step Functions approve the request automatically.

3. Error handling (Retry / Catch) – You can retry failed tasks, or catch failed tasks and automatically run alternative steps.

   For example, after a customer requests a username, perhaps the first call to your validation service fails, so your workflow may retry the request. When the second request is successful, the workflow can proceed.

   Or, perhaps the customer requested a username that is invalid or unavailable, a Catch statement could lead to a Step Functions workflow step that suggests an alternative username.

   For examples of Retry and Catch, see Handling state errors in Step Functions workflows.

4. Human in the loop – Step Functions can include human approval steps in the workflow. For example, imagine a banking customer attempts to send funds to a friend. With a callback and a task token, you can have Step Functions wait until the customers friend confirms the transfer, and then Step Functions will continue the workflow to notify the banking customer that the transfer has completed.

   For an example, see Create a callback pattern example with Amazon SQS, Amazon SNS, and Lambda.

5. Parallel processing – Using a Parallel state, Step Functions can process inputs in parallel. For example, a customer might need to convert a video file into several display resolutions, so viewers can watch the video on multiple devices. Your workflow could send the original video file to multiple Lambda functions or use the optimized AWS Elemental MediaConvert integration to process a video into multiple display resolutions at the same time.

6. Dynamic parallelism – Using a Map state, Step Functions can run a set of workflow steps on each item in a dataset. The iterations run in parallel, which makes it possible to process a dataset quickly. For example, when your customer orders thirty items, your system needs to apply the same workflow to prepare each item for delivery. After all items have been gathered and packaged for delivery, the next step might be to quickly send your customer a confirmation email with tracking information.

   For an example starter template, see Dynamically process data with a Map.