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Working with Read Replicas

Amazon RDS uses the MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, and PostgreSQL DB engines' built-in replication functionality to create a special type of DB instance called a Read Replica from a source DB instance. Updates made to the source DB instance are asynchronously copied to the Read Replica. You can reduce the load on your source DB instance by routing read queries from your applications to the Read Replica. Using Read Replicas, you can elastically scale out beyond the capacity constraints of a single DB instance for read-heavy database workloads.

Note

The information following applies to creating Amazon RDS Read Replicas either in the same AWS Region as the source DB instance, or in a separate AWS Region. The information following doesn't apply to setting up replication with an instance that is running on an Amazon EC2 instance or that is on-premises.

When you create a Read Replica, you first specify an existing DB instance as the source. Then Amazon RDS takes a snapshot of the source instance and creates a read-only instance from the snapshot. Amazon RDS then uses the asynchronous replication method for the DB engine to update the Read Replica whenever there is a change to the source DB instance. The Read Replica operates as a DB instance that allows only read-only connections. Applications connect to a Read Replica the same way they do to any DB instance. Amazon RDS replicates all databases in the source DB instance.

In some cases, a Read Replica resides in a different AWS Region than its source DB instance. In these cases, Amazon RDS sets up a secure communications channel between the source DB instance and the Read Replica. Amazon RDS establishes any AWS security configurations needed to enable the secure channel, such as adding security group entries.

Read Replicas are supported by the MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, and PostgreSQL engines. In this section, you can find general information about using Read Replicas with all of these engines. For information about using Read Replicas with a specific engine, see the following sections:

• Working with MySQL Read Replicas

• Working with MariaDB Read Replicas

• Working with Oracle Read Replicas for Amazon RDS

• Working with PostgreSQL Read Replicas

Overview of Amazon RDS Read Replicas

Deploying one or more Read Replicas for a given source DB instance might make sense in a variety of scenarios, including the following:

• Scaling beyond the compute or I/O capacity of a single DB instance for read-heavy database workloads. You can direct this excess read traffic to one or more Read Replicas.

• Serving read traffic while the source DB instance is unavailable. In some cases, your source DB instance might not be able to take I/O requests, for example due to I/O suspension for backups or scheduled maintenance. In these cases, you can direct read traffic to your Read Replicas. For this use case, keep in mind that the data on the Read Replica might be "stale" because the source DB instance is unavailable.

• Business reporting or data warehousing scenarios where you might want business reporting queries to run against a Read Replica, rather than your primary, production DB instance.

• Implementing disaster recovery. You can promote a Read Replica to a standalone instance as a disaster recovery solution if the source DB instance fails.

By default, a Read Replica is created with the same storage type as the source DB instance. However, you can create a Read Replica that has a different storage type from the source DB instance based on the options listed in the following table.

Source DB Instance Storage Type	Source DB Instance Storage Allocation	Read Replica Storage Type Options
PIOPS	100 GiB–32 TiB	PIOPS, GP2, Standard
GP2	100 GiB–32 TiB	PIOPS, GP2, Standard
GP2	Less than 100 GiB	GP2, Standard
Standard	100 GiB 32 TiB	PIOPS, GP2, Standard
Standard	Less than 100 GiB	GP2, Standard

Amazon RDS doesn't support circular replication. You can't configure a DB instance to serve as a replication source for an existing DB instance. You can only create a new Read Replica from an existing DB instance. For example, if MyDBInstance replicates to ReadReplica1, you can't configure ReadReplica1 to replicate back to MyDBInstance. For MariaDB, MySQL, and PostgreSQL, you can create a Read Replica from an existing Read Replica. For example, from ReadReplica1, you can create a new Read Replica, such as ReadReplica2. For Oracle, you can't create a Read Replica from an existing Read Replica.

Differences Between Read Replicas for Different DB Engines

Because Amazon RDS DB engines implement replication differently, there are several significant differences you should know about, as shown in the following table.

Feature or Behavior	MySQL and MariaDB	Oracle	PostgreSQL
What is the replication method?	Logical replication.	Physical replication.	Physical replication.
How are transaction logs purged?	Amazon RDS MySQL and MariaDB keep any binary logs that haven't been applied.	Amazon RDS for Oracle keeps a minimum of two hours of transaction logs on the source DB instance. Logs are purged from the source after two hours or after the archivelog retention hours setting has passed, whichever is longer. Logs are purged from the Read Replica after the archivelog retention hours setting has passed only if they have been successfully applied to the database. For information about setting the archivelog retention hours, see Retaining Archived Redo Logs.	PostgreSQL has a parameter, wal_keep_segments, that dictates how many write ahead log (WAL) files are kept to provide data to the Read Replicas. The parameter value specifies the number of logs to keep.
Can a replica be made writable?	Yes. You can enable the MySQL or MariaDB Read Replica to be writable.	No. An Oracle Read Replica is a physical copy, and Oracle doesn't allow for writes in a Read Replica. You can promote the Read Replica to make it writable. The promoted Read Replica has the replicated data to the point when the request was made to promote it.	No. A PostgreSQL Read Replica is a physical copy, and PostgreSQL doesn't allow for a Read Replica to be made writable.
Can backups be performed on the replica?	Yes. You can enable automatic backups on a MySQL or MariaDB Read Replica.	No. You can't create manual snapshots of Amazon RDS for Oracle Read Replicas or enable automatic backups for them.	Yes, you can create a manual snapshot of a PostgreSQL Read Replica, but you can't enable automatic backups.
Can you use parallel replication?	Yes. MySQL version 5.6 and later and all supported MariaDB versions allow for parallel replication threads.	Yes. Redo log data is always transmitted in parallel from the source database to all of its Read Replicas.	No. PostgreSQL has a single process handling replication.

Creating a Read Replica

You can create a Read Replica from an existing MySQL, MariaDB, Oracle, or PostgreSQL DB instance using the AWS Management Console, AWS CLI, or AWS API. You create a Read Replica by specifying the SourceDBInstanceIdentifier, which is the DB instance identifier of the source DB instance from which you wish to replicate.

When you create a Read Replica, Amazon RDS takes a DB snapshot of your source DB instance and begins replication. As a result, you experience a brief I/O suspension on your source DB instance while the DB snapshot occurs. The I/O suspension typically lasts about one minute. You can avoid the I/O suspension if the source DB instance is a Multi-AZ deployment, because in that case the snapshot is taken from the secondary DB instance. An active, long-running transaction can slow the process of creating the Read Replica. We recommend that you wait for long-running transactions to complete before creating a Read Replica. If you create multiple Read Replicas in parallel from the same source DB instance, Amazon RDS takes only one snapshot at the start of the first create action.

When creating a Read Replica, there are a few things to consider. First, you must enable automatic backups on the source DB instance by setting the backup retention period to a value other than 0. This requirement also applies to a Read Replica that is the source DB instance for another Read Replica. For MySQL DB instances, automatic backups are supported only for Read Replicas running MySQL 5.6 and later, but not for MySQL versions 5.5. To enable automatic backups on an Amazon RDS MySQL version 5.6 and later Read Replica, first create the Read Replica, then modify the Read Replica to enable automatic backups.

Console

To create a Read Replica from a source MySQL, MariaDB, Oracle, or PostgreSQL DB instance

1. Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the Amazon RDS console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/.

2. In the navigation pane, choose Databases.

3. Choose the MySQL, MariaDB, Oracle, or PostgreSQL DB instance that you want to use as the source for a Read Replica.

4. For Actions, choose Create read replica.

5. Choose the instance specifications that you want to use. We recommend that you use the same DB instance class and storage type as the source DB instance for the Read Replica. For Multi-AZ deployment, choose Yes to create a standby of your replica in another Availability Zone for failover support for the replica. Creating your Read Replica as a Multi-AZ DB instance is independent of whether the source database is a Multi-AZ DB instance.

6. Choose the settings that you want to use. For DB instance identifier, enter a name for the Read Replica. Adjust other settings as needed.

7. Choose the other settings that you want to use.

8. Choose Create read replica.

AWS CLI

To create a Read Replica from a source MySQL, MariaDB, Oracle, or PostgreSQL DB instance, use the AWS CLI command create-db-instance-read-replica.

Example

For Linux, OS X, or Unix:

aws rds create-db-instance-read-replica \
    --db-instance-identifier myreadreplica \
    --source-db-instance-identifier mydbinstance

For Windows:

aws rds create-db-instance-read-replica ^
    --db-instance-identifier myreadreplica ^
    --source-db-instance-identifier mydbinstance

RDS API

To create a Read Replica from a source MySQL, MariaDB, Oracle, or PostgreSQL DB instance, call the Amazon RDS API function CreateDBInstanceReadReplica.

https://rds.amazonaws.com/
	?Action=CreateDBInstanceReadReplica
	&DBInstanceIdentifier=myreadreplica
	&SourceDBInstanceIdentifier=mydbinstance
	&Version=2012-01-15						
	&SignatureVersion=2
	&SignatureMethod=HmacSHA256
	&Timestamp=2012-01-20T22%3A06%3A23.624Z
	&AWSAccessKeyId=<AWS Access Key ID>
	&Signature=<Signature>

Promoting a Read Replica to Be a Standalone DB Instance

You can promote a MySQL, MariaDB, Oracle, or PostgreSQL Read Replica into a standalone DB instance. When you promote a Read Replica, the DB instance is rebooted before it becomes available.

There are several reasons you might want to promote a Read Replica to a standalone DB instance:

• Performing DDL operations (MySQL and MariaDB only) – DDL operations, such as creating or rebuilding indexes, can take time and impose a significant performance penalty on your DB instance. You can perform these operations on a MySQL or MariaDB Read Replica once the Read Replica is in sync with its source DB instance. Then you can promote the Read Replica and direct your applications to use the promoted instance.

• Sharding – Sharding embodies the "share-nothing" architecture and essentially involves breaking a large database into several smaller databases. One common way to split a database is splitting tables that are not joined in the same query onto different hosts. Another method is duplicating a table across multiple hosts and then using a hashing algorithm to determine which host receives a given update. You can create Read Replicas corresponding to each of your shards (smaller databases) and promote them when you decide to convert them into standalone shards. You can then carve out the key space (if you are splitting rows) or distribution of tables for each of the shards depending on your requirements.

• Implementing failure recovery – You can use Read Replica promotion as a data recovery scheme if the source DB instance fails. This approach complements synchronous replication, automatic failure detection, and failover.

  If you are aware of the ramifications and limitations of asynchronous replication and you still want to use Read Replica promotion for data recovery, you can do so. To do this, first create a Read Replica and then monitor the source DB instance for failures. In the event of a failure, do the following:

  1. Promote the Read Replica.

  2. Direct database traffic to the promoted DB instance.

  3. Create a replacement Read Replica with the promoted DB instance as its source.

When you promote a Read Replica, the new DB instance that is created retains the backup retention period, the backup window, the option group, and the parameter group of the former Read Replica source. The promotion process can take several minutes or longer to complete, depending on the size of the Read Replica. Once you promote the Read Replica to a new DB instance, it's just like any other DB instance. For example, you can create Read Replicas from the new DB instance and perform point-in-time restore operations. Because the promoted DB instance is no longer a Read Replica, you can't use it as a replication target. If a source DB instance has several Read Replicas, promoting one of the Read Replicas to a DB instance has no effect on the other replicas.

Backup duration is a function of the number of changes to the database since the previous backup. If you plan to promote a Read Replica to a standalone instance, we recommend that you enable backups and complete at least one backup prior to promotion. In addition, a Read Replica cannot be promoted to a standalone instance when it is in the backing-up status. If you have enabled backups on your Read Replica, configure the automated backup window so that daily backups do not interfere with Read Replica promotion.

The following steps show the general process for promoting a Read Replica to a DB instance:

1. Stop any transactions from being written to the Read Replica source DB instance, and then wait for all updates to be made to the Read Replica. Database updates occur on the Read Replica after they have occurred on the source DB instance, and this replication lag can vary significantly. Use the Replica Lag metric to determine when all updates have been made to the Read Replica.

2. For MySQL and MariaDB only: If you need to make changes to the MySQL or MariaDB Read Replica, you must set the read_only parameter to 0 in the DB parameter group for the Read Replica. You can then perform all needed DDL operations, such as creating indexes, on the Read Replica. Actions taken on the Read Replica don't affect the performance of the source DB instance.

3. Promote the Read Replica by using the Promote Read Replica option on the Amazon RDS console, the AWS CLI command promote-read-replica, or the PromoteReadReplica Amazon RDS API operation.

   Note

   The promotion process takes a few minutes to complete. When you promote a Read Replica, replication is stopped and the Read Replica is rebooted. When the reboot is complete, the Read Replica is available as a new DB instance.

4. (Optional) Modify the new DB instance to be a Multi-AZ deployment. For more information, see Modifying an Amazon RDS DB Instance and High Availability (Multi-AZ) for Amazon RDS.

Console

To promote a Read Replica to a DB instance

1. Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the Amazon RDS console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/.

2. In the Amazon RDS console, choose Databases.

   The Databases pane appears. Each Read Replica shows Replica in the Role column.

3. Choose the Read Replica that you want to promote.

4. For Actions, choose Promote read replica.

5. On the Promote Read Replica page, enter the backup retention period and the backup window for the new promoted DB instance.

6. When the settings are as you want them, choose Continue.

7. On the acknowledgment page, choose Promote Read Replica.

AWS CLI

To promote a Read Replica to a DB instance, use the AWS CLI promote-read-replica command.

Example

For Linux, OS X, or Unix:

aws rds promote-read-replica \
    --db-instance-identifier myreadreplica

For Windows:

aws rds promote-read-replica ^
    --db-instance-identifier myreadreplica

RDS API

To promote a Read Replica to a DB instance, call PromoteReadReplica.

https://rds.amazonaws.com/
	?Action=PromoteReadReplica
	&DBInstanceIdentifier=myreadreplica
	&Version=2012-01-15						
	&SignatureVersion=2
	&SignatureMethod=HmacSHA256
	&Timestamp=2012-01-20T22%3A06%3A23.624Z
	&AWSAccessKeyId=<AWS Access Key ID>
	&Signature=<Signature>

Creating a Read Replica in a Different AWS Region

With Amazon RDS, you can create a MariaDB, MySQL, or PostgreSQL Read Replica in a different AWS Region than the source DB instance. You create a Read Replica to do the following:

• Improve your disaster recovery capabilities.

• Scale read operations into an AWS Region closer to your users.

• Make it easier to migrate from a data center in one AWS Region to a data center in another AWS Region.

Creating a MariaDB, MySQL, or PostgreSQL Read Replica in a different AWS Region than the source instance is similar to creating a replica in the same AWS Region. To create a Read Replica across regions, you can use the AWS Management Console, run the create-db-instance-read-replica command, or call the CreateDBInstanceReadReplica API action.

To create an encrypted Read Replica in a different AWS Region than the source DB instance, the source DB instance must be encrypted.

Following, you can find information on how to create a Read Replica from a source MariaDB, MySQL, or PostgreSQL DB instance in a different AWS Region.

Console

You can create a Read Replica across regions using the AWS Management Console.

To create a Read Replica across regions with the console

1. Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the Amazon RDS console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/.

2. In the navigation pane, choose Databases.

3. Choose the MariaDB, MySQL, or PostgreSQL DB instance that you want to use as the source for a Read Replica, and then choose Create read replica for Actions. To create an encrypted Read Replica, the source DB instance must be encrypted. To learn more about encrypting the source DB instance, see Encrypting Amazon RDS Resources.

4. Choose the instance specifications you want to use. We recommend that you use the same DB instance class and storage type for the Read Replica.

5. Choose the other settings you want to use:

   • For DB instance identifier, enter a name for the Read Replica.

   • In the Network & Security section, choose a value for Designation region and Designation DB subnet group.

   • To create an encrypted Read Replica in another AWS Region, choose Enable Encryption, and then choose the Master key. For the Master key, choose the AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) key identifier of the destination AWS Region.

   • Choose the other settings that you want to use.

6. Choose Create read replica.

AWS CLI

To create a Read Replica from a source MySQL, MariaDB, or PostgreSQL DB instance in a different AWS Region, you can use the create-db-instance-read-replica command. In this case, you use create-db-instance-read-replica from the AWS Region where you want the Read Replica and specify the Amazon Resource Name (ARN) for the source DB instance. An ARN uniquely identifies a resource created in Amazon Web Services.

For example, if your source DB instance is in the US East (N. Virginia) region, the ARN looks similar to the following.

arn:aws:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:db:my-mysql-instance

For information about ARNs, see Working with Amazon Resource Names (ARNs) in Amazon RDS.

To create an encrypted Read Replica in a different AWS Region than the source DB instance, you can use the AWS CLI create-db-instance-read-replica command from the destination AWS Region. The following parameters are used to create an encrypted Read Replica in another AWS Region:

• --source-region — The AWS Region that the encrypted Read Replica is created in. If source-region is not specified, you must specify a pre-signed-url value. A pre-signed-url is an URL that contains a Signature Version 4 signed request for the CreateDBInstanceReadReplica operation that is called in the source AWS Region that the Read Replica is created from. To learn more about pre-signed-url, see CreateDBInstanceReadReplica.

• --source-db-instance-identifier — The DB instance identifier for the encrypted Read Replica that is created. This identifier must be in the ARN format for the source AWS Region. The AWS Region specified in source-db-instance-identifier must match the AWS Region specified as source-region.

• --db-instance-identifier — The identifier for the encrypted Read Replica in the destination AWS Region.

• --kms-key-id — The AWS KMS key identifier for the key to use to encrypt the Read Replica in the destination AWS Region.

The following code creates a Read Replica in the us-west-2 Region.

Example

For Linux, OS X, or Unix:

aws rds create-db-instance-read-replica \
    --db-instance-identifier DBInstanceIdentifier \
    --region us-west-2 \
    --source-db-instance-identifier arn:aws:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:db:my-mysql-instance          

For Windows:

aws rds create-db-instance-read-replica ^
    --db-instance-identifier DBInstanceIdentifier ^
    --region us-west-2 ^
    --source-db-instance-identifier arn:aws:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:db:my-mysql-instance
 

The following code creates a Read Replica in a different AWS Region than the source DB instance. The AWS Region where you call the create-db-instance-read-replica command is the destination AWS Region for the encrypted Read Replica.

Example

For Linux, OS X, or Unix:

aws rds create-db-instance-read-replica \
    --db-instance-identifier DBInstanceIdentifier \
    --region us-west-2 \
    --source-db-instance-identifier arn:aws:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:db:my-mysql-instance \
    --source-region us-east-1 \
    --kms-key-id my-us-east-1-key

For Windows:

aws rds create-db-instance-read-replica ^
    --db-instance-identifier DBInstanceIdentifier ^
    --region us-west-2 ^
    --source-db-instance-identifier arn:aws:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:db:my-mysql-instance ^
    --source-region us-east-1 ^	
    --kms-key-id my-us-east-1-key
 

RDS API

To create a Read Replica from a source MySQL, MariaDB, or PostgreSQL DB instance in a different AWS Region, you can call the Amazon RDS API function CreateDBInstanceReadReplica. In this case, you call CreateDBInstanceReadReplica from the AWS Region where you want the Read Replica and specify the Amazon Resource Name (ARN) for the source DB instance. An ARN uniquely identifies a resource created in Amazon Web Services.

To create an encrypted Read Replica in a different AWS Region than the source DB instance, you can use the Amazon RDS API CreateDBInstanceReadReplica action from the destination AWS Region. To create an encrypted Read Replica in another AWS Region, you must specify a value for PreSignedURL. PreSignedURL should contain a request for the CreateDBInstanceReadReplica action to call in the source AWS Region where the Read Replica is created in. To learn more about PreSignedUrl, see CreateDBInstanceReadReplica.

For example, if your source DB instance is in the US East (N. Virginia) region, the ARN looks similar to the following.

arn:aws:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:db:my-mysql-instance

For information about ARNs, see Working with Amazon Resource Names (ARNs) in Amazon RDS.

Example

https://us-west-2.rds.amazonaws.com/
    ?Action=CreateDBInstanceReadReplica
    &KmsKeyId=my-us-east-1-key
    &PreSignedUrl=https%253A%252F%252Frds.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%252F
         %253FAction%253D CreateDBInstanceReadReplica
         %2526DestinationRegion%253Dus-east-1
         %2526KmsKeyId%253Dmy-us-east-1-key
         %2526SourceDBInstanceIdentifier%253Darn%25253Aaws%25253Ards%25253Aus-west-2%1234567890
12%25253Adb%25253Amy-mysql-instance
         %2526SignatureMethod%253DHmacSHA256
         %2526SignatureVersion%253D4%2526SourceDBInstanceIdentifier%253Darn%25253Aaws%25253Ards%25253Aus-west-2%25253A123456789012%25253Ainstance%25253Amysql-instance1-instance-20161115
         %2526Version%253D2014-10-31
         %2526X-Amz-Algorithm%253DAWS4-HMAC-SHA256
         %2526X-Amz-Credential%253DAKIADQKE4SARGYLE%252F20161117%252Fus-west-2%252Frds%252Faws4_request
         %2526X-Amz-Date%253D20161117T215409Z
         %2526X-Amz-Expires%253D3600
         %2526X-Amz-SignedHeaders%253Dcontent-type%253Bhost%253Buser-agent%253Bx-amz-content-sha256%253Bx-amz-date
         %2526X-Amz-Signature%253D255a0f17b4e717d3b67fad163c3ec26573b882c03a65523522cf890a67fca613
    &DBInstanceIdentifier=myreadreplica
    &SourceDBInstanceIdentifier=arn:aws:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:db:my-mysql-instance
    &Version=2012-01-15						
    &SignatureVersion=2
    &SignatureMethod=HmacSHA256
    &Timestamp=2012-01-20T22%3A06%3A23.624Z
    &AWSAccessKeyId=<AWS Access Key ID>
    &Signature=<Signature>

Cross-Region Replication Considerations

All of the considerations for performing replication within an AWS Region apply to cross-region replication. The following extra considerations apply when replicating between regions:

• You can only replicate between regions when using Amazon RDS DB instances of MariaDB, PostgreSQL (versions 9.4.7 and 9.5.2 and later), or MySQL 5.6 and later.

• A source DB instance can have cross-region Read Replicas in multiple regions.

• You can only create a cross-region Amazon RDS Read Replica from a source Amazon RDS DB instance that is not a Read Replica of another Amazon RDS DB instance.

• You can't set up a replication channel into or out of the AWS GovCloud (US-West) region.

• You can expect to see a higher level of lag time for any Read Replica that is in a different AWS Region than the source instance. This lag time comes from the longer network channels between regional data centers.

• Within an AWS Region, all cross-region Read Replicas created from the same source DB instance must either be in the same Amazon VPC or be outside of a VPC. For cross-region Read Replicas, any of the create Read Replica commands that specify the --db-subnet-group-name parameter must specify a DB subnet group from the same VPC.

• You can create a cross-region Read Replica in a VPC from a source DB instance that is in a VPC in another region. You can also create a cross-region Read Replica in a VPC from a source DB instance that is not in a VPC. You can also create a cross-region Read Replica that is not in a VPC from a source DB instance that is in a VPC.

• Due to the limit on the number of access control list (ACL) entries for a VPC, we can't guarantee more than five cross-region Read Replica instances.

Cross-Region Replication Costs

The data transferred for cross-region replication incurs Amazon RDS data transfer charges. These cross-region replication actions generate charges for the data transferred out of the source AWS Region:

• When you create a Read Replica, Amazon RDS takes a snapshot of the source instance and transfers the snapshot to the Read Replica region.

• For each data modification made in the source databases, Amazon RDS transfers data from the source AWS Region to the Read Replica region.

For more information about data transfer pricing, see Amazon RDS Pricing.

For MySQL and MariaDB instances, you can reduce your data transfer costs by reducing the number of cross-region Read Replicas that you create. For example, suppose that you have a source DB instance in one AWS Region and want to have three Read Replicas in another AWS Region. In this case, you create only one of the Read Replicas from the source DB instance. You create the other two replicas from the first Read Replica instead of the source DB instance.

For example, if you have source-instance-1 in one AWS Region, you can do the following:

• Create read-replica-1 in the new AWS Region, specifying source-instance-1 as the source.

• Create read-replica-2 from read-replica-1.

• Create read-replica-3 from read-replica-1.

In this example, you are only charged for the data transferred from source-instance-1 to read-replica-1. You are not charged for the data transferred from read-replica-1 to the other two replicas because they are all in the same AWS Region. If you create all three replicas directly from source-instance-1, you are charged for the data transfers to all three replicas.

How Amazon RDS Does Cross-Region Replication

Amazon RDS uses the following process to create a cross-region Read Replica. Depending on the regions involved and the amount of data in the databases, this process can take hours to complete. You can use this information to determine how far the process has proceeded when you create a cross-region Read Replica:

1. Amazon RDS begins configuring the source DB instance as a replication source and sets the status to modifying.

2. Amazon RDS begins setting up the specified Read Replica in the destination AWS Region and sets the status to creating.

3. Amazon RDS creates an automated DB snapshot of the source DB instance in the source AWS Region. The format of the DB snapshot name is rds:<InstanceID>-<timestamp>, where <InstanceID> is the identifier of the source instance, and <timestamp> is the date and time the copy started. For example, rds:mysourceinstance-2013-11-14-09-24 was created from the instance mysourceinstance at 2013-11-14-09-24. During the creation of an automated DB snapshot, the source DB instance status remains modifying, the Read Replica status remains creating, and the DB snapshot status is creating. The progress column of the DB snapshot page in the console reports how far the DB snapshot creation has progressed. When the DB snapshot is complete, the status of both the DB snapshot and source DB instance are set to available.

4. Amazon RDS begins a cross-region snapshot copy for the initial data transfer. The snapshot copy is listed as an automated snapshot in the destination AWS Region with a status of creating. It has the same name as the source DB snapshot. The progress column of the DB snapshot display indicates how far the copy has progressed. When the copy is complete, the status of the DB snapshot copy is set to available.

5. Amazon RDS then uses the copied DB snapshot for the initial data load on the Read Replica. During this phase, the Read Replica is in the list of DB instances in the destination, with a status of creating. When the load is complete, the Read Replica status is set to available, and the DB snapshot copy is deleted.

6. When the Read Replica reaches the available status, Amazon RDS starts by replicating the changes made to the source instance since the start of the create Read Replica operation. During this phase, the replication lag time for the Read Replica is greater than 0.

   For information about replication lag time, see Monitoring Read Replication.

Cross-Region Replication Examples

Example Create a Cross-Region Read Replica Outside of Any VPC

The following example creates a Read Replica in us-west-2 from a source DB instance in us-east-1. The Read Replica is created outside of a VPC:

For Linux, OS X, or Unix:

aws rds create-db-instance-read-replica \
    --db-instance-identifier SimCoProd01Replica01 \
    --region us-west-2
    --source-db-instance-identifier arn:aws:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:db:SimcoProd01 

For Windows:

aws rds create-db-instance-read-replica ^
    --db-instance-identifier SimCoProd01Replica01 ^
    --region us-west-2
    --source-db-instance-identifier arn:aws:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:db:SimcoProd01 

Example Create Cross-Region Read Replica in a VPC

This example creates a Read Replica in us-west-2 from a source DB instance in us-east-1. The Read Replica is created in the VPC associated with the specified DB subnet group:

For Linux, OS X, or Unix:

aws rds create-db-instance-read-replica \
    --db-instance-identifier SimCoProd01Replica01 \
    --region us-west-2
    --db-subnet-group-name my-us-west-2-subnet 
    --source-db-instance-identifier arn:aws:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:db:SimcoProd01 

For Windows:

aws rds create-db-instance-read-replica ^
    --db-instance-identifier SimCoProd01Replica01 ^
    --region us-west-2
    --db-subnet-group-name my-us-west-2-subnet 
    --source-db-instance-identifier arn:aws:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:db:SimcoProd01 

Monitoring Read Replication

You can monitor the status of a Read Replica in several ways. The Amazon RDS console shows the status of a Read Replica in the Availability and durability section of the Read Replica details. To view the details for a Read Replica, click the name of the Read Replica in the list of instances in the Amazon RDS console.

You can also see the status of a Read Replica using the AWS CLI describe-db-instances command or the Amazon RDS API DescribeDBInstances action.

The status of a Read Replica can be one of the following:

• replicating—The Read Replica is replicating successfully.

• error—An error has occurred with the replication. Check the Replication Error field in the Amazon RDS console or the event log to determine the exact error. For more information about troubleshooting a replication error, see Troubleshooting a MySQL Read Replica Problem.

• terminated—Replication is terminated. This occurs if replication is stopped for more than 30 consecutive days, either manually or due to a replication error. In this case, Amazon RDS terminates replication between the master DB instance and all Read Replicas. Amazon RDS does this to prevent increased storage requirements on the master DB instance and long failover times.

  Broken replication can affect storage because the logs can grow in size and number due to the high volume of errors messages being written to the log. Broken replication can also affect failure recovery due to the time Amazon RDS requires to maintain and process the large number of logs during recovery.

• stopped (MySQL or MariaDB only)—Replication has stopped because of a customer initiated request.

• replication stop point set (MySQL only)—A customer initiated stop point was set using the mysql.rds_start_replication_until stored procedure and the replication is in progress.

• replication stop point reached (MySQL only)—A customer initiated stop point was set using the mysql.rds_start_replication_until stored procedure and replication is stopped because the stop point was reached.

You can monitor replication lag in Amazon CloudWatch by viewing the Amazon RDS ReplicaLag metric. For MySQL and MariaDB, the ReplicaLag metric reports the value of the Seconds_Behind_Master field of the SHOW SLAVE STATUS command. For PostgreSQL, the ReplicaLag metric reports the value of SELECT extract(epoch from now() - pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp()) AS slave_lag.

Common causes for replication lag for MySQL and MariaDB are the following:

• A network outage.

• Writing to tables with indexes on a Read Replica. If the read_only parameter is not set to 0 on the Read Replica, it can break replication.

• Using a nontransactional storage engine such as MyISAM. Replication is only supported for the InnoDB storage engine on MySQL and the XtraDB storage engine on MariaDB.

When the ReplicaLag metric reaches 0, the replica has caught up to the source DB instance. If the ReplicaLag metric returns -1, then replication is currently not active. ReplicaLag = -1 is equivalent to Seconds_Behind_Master = NULL.

For Oracle, the ReplicaLag metric is the sum of the Apply Lag value and the difference between the current time and the apply lag's DATUM_TIME value. The DATUM_TIME value is the last time the Read Replica received data from its source DB instance. For more information, see V$DATAGUARD_STATS in the Oracle documentation.

PostgreSQL versions 9.4.7 and 9.5.2 and later use physical replication slots to manage write ahead log (WAL) retention on the source instance. For each cross-region Read Replica instance, Amazon RDS creates a physical replication slot and associates it with the instance. Two Amazon CloudWatch metrics, Oldest Replication Slot Lag and Transaction Logs Disk Usage, show how far behind the most lagging replica is in terms of WAL data received and how much storage is being used for WAL data. The Transaction Logs Disk Usage value can substantially increase when a cross-region Read Replica is lagging significantly.

For more information about monitoring a DB instance with CloudWatch, see Monitoring with Amazon CloudWatch.