DynamoDB metadata tables and load balancing in KCL
KCL manages metadata such as leases and CPU utilization metrics from workers. KCL tracks these metadata using DynamoDB tables. For each Amazon Kinesis Data Streams application, KCL creates three DynamoDB tables to manage the metadata: lease table, worker metrics table, and coordinator state table.
Note
KCL 3.x introduced two new metadata tables: worker metrics and coordinator state tables.
Important
You must add proper permissions for KCL applications to create and manage metadata tables in DynamoDB. For details, see IAM permissions required for KCL consumer applications.
KCL consumer application does not automatically remove these three DynamoDB metadata tables. Make sure you remove these DynamoDB metadata tables created by KCL consumer application when you decommission your consumer application to prevent unnecessary cost.
Lease table
Lease table is a unique Amazon DynamoDB table used to track the shards being leased and processed by the schedulers of the KCL consumer application. Each KCL consumer application creates its own lease table. KCL uses the name of the consumer application for the name of the lease table by default. You can set a custom table name using configuration. KCL also creates a global secondary index on the lease table with the partition key of leaseOwner for an efficient lease discovery. Global secondary index mirrors the leaseKey attribute from the base lease table. If the lease table for your KCL consumer application does not exist when the application starts up, one of the workers creates the lease table for your application.
You can view the lease table using the Amazon DynamoDB console while the consumer application is running.
Important
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Each KCL consumer application name must be unique to prevent a duplicated lease table name.
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Your account is charged for the costs associated with the DynamoDB table, in addition to the costs associated with Kinesis Data Streams itself.
Each row in the lease table represents a shard that is being processed by the schedulers of your consumer application. Key fields include the following:
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leaseKey: For single-stream processing, this is the shard ID. For multi-stream processing with KCL, it's structured as
account-id:StreamName:streamCreationTimestamp:ShardId
. leaseKey is the partition key of the lease table. Fore more information about multi-stream processing, see Multi-stream processing with KCL . -
checkpoint: The most recent checkpoint sequence number for the shard.
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checkpointSubSequenceNumber: When using the Kinesis Producer Library's aggregation feature, this is an extension to checkpoint that tracks individual user records within the Kinesis record.
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leaseCounter: Used for checking if a worker is currently processing the lease actively. leaseCounter increases if the lease ownership is transferred to another worker.
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leaseOwner: The current worker that is holding this lease.
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ownerSwitchesSinceCheckpoint: How many times this lease has changed workers since the last checkpoint.
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parentShardId: ID of this shard's parent. Makes sure that the parent shard is fully processed before processing starts on the child shards, maintaining the correct record processing order.
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childShardId: List of child shard IDs resulting from this shard's split or merge. Used to track shard lineage and manage processing order during resharding operations.
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startingHashKey: The lower bound of the hash key range for this shard.
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endingHashKey: The upper bound of the hash key range for this shard.
If you use multi-stream processing with KCL, you see the following two additional fields in the lease table. For more information, see Multi-stream processing with KCL .
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shardID: The ID of the shard.
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streamName: The identifier of the data stream in the following format:
account-id:StreamName:streamCreationTimestamp
.
Worker metrics table
Worker metrics table is a unique Amazon DynamoDB table for each KCL application
and is used to record CPU utilization metrics from each worker. These metrics will
be used by KCL to perform efficient lease assignments to result in balanced resource
utilization across workers. KCL uses
KCLApplicationName-WorkerMetricStats
for the name of the worker
metrics table by default.
Coordinator state table
Coordinator state table is a unique Amazon DynamoDB table for each KCL
application and is used to store internal state information for workers. For
example, the coordinator state table stores data regarding the leader election or
metadata associated with the in-place migration from KCL 2.x to
KCL 3.x. KCL uses KCLApplicationName-CoordinatorState
for the name of the coordinator state table by default.
DynamoDB capacity mode for metadata tables created by KCL
By default, the Kinesis Client Library (KCL) creates DynamoDB metadata tables such as lease table, worker metrics table, and coordinator state table using the on-demand capacity mode. This mode automatically scales read and write capacity to accommodate traffic without requiring capacity planning. We strongly recommend you to keep the capacity mode as on-demand mode for more efficient operation of these metadata tables.
If you decide to switch the lease table to provisioned capacity mode, follow these best practices:
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Analyze usage patterns:
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Monitor your application's read and write patterns and usages (RCU, WCU) using Amazon CloudWatch metrics.
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Understand peak and average throughput requirements.
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Calculate the required capacity:
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Estimate read capacity units (RCUs) and write capacity units (WCUs) based on your analysis.
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Consider factors like the number of shards, checkpoint frequency, and worker count.
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Implement auto scaling:
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Use DynamoDB auto scaling to automatically adjust provisioned capacity and set appropriate minimum and maximum capacity limits.
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DynamoDB auto scaling will help to avoid your KCL metadata table from hitting the capacity limit and getting throttled.
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Regular monitoring and optimization:
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Continuously monitor CloudWatch metrics for
ThrottledRequests
. -
Adjust capacity as your workload changes over time.
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If you experience ProvisionedThroughputExceededException
in metadata
DynamoDB tables for your KCL consumer application, you must increase the
provisioned throughput capacity of the DynamoDB table. If you set a certain level of
read capacity units (RCU) and write capacity units (WCU) when you first create your
consumer application, it might not be sufficient as your usage grows. For example,
if your KCL consumer application does frequent checkpointing or operates on
a stream with many shards, you might need more capacity units. For information about
provisioned throughput in DynamoDB, see DynamoDB throughput capacity and updating a table in the Amazon DynamoDB Developer Guide.
How KCL assigns leases to workers and balances the load
KCL continuously gathers and monitors CPU utilization metrics from compute hosts running the workers to ensure even workload distribution. These CPU utilization metrics are stored in the worker metrics table in DynamoDB. If KCL detects that some workers are showing higher CPU utilization rates compared to others, it will reassign leases among workers to lower the load on highly used workers. The goal is to balance the workload more evenly across the consumer application fleet, preventing any single worker from becoming overloaded. As KCL distributes CPU utilization across the consumer application fleet, you can right-size your consumer application fleet capacity by choosing the right number of workers or use auto scaling to efficiently manage the computing capacity to achieve lower cost.
Important
KCL can collect CPU utilization metrics from workers only if certain prerequisites are met. For details, see Prerequisites. If KCL cannot collect CPU utilization metrics from workers, KCL will fall back to using throughput per worker to assign leases and balance the load across workers in the fleet. KCL will monitor the throughput that each worker receives at a given time and reassign leases to ensure each worker gets a similar total throughput level from its assigned leases.