Esempio: Connessione a Neptune tramite Python con la firma di Signature Version 4

In questa sezione viene mostrato un programma di esempio scritto in Python che spiega come lavorare con Signature Version 4 per Amazon Neptune. Questo esempio si basa sugli esempi nella sezione processo di firma Signature Version 4 in Riferimenti generali di Amazon Web Services.

Per lavorare con questo programma di esempio, è necessario:

Python 3.x installato nel computer, scaricabile dal sito Python. Questi programmi sono stati testati utilizzando Python 3.6.
La libreria di richieste Python, utilizzata nello script di esempio per creare richieste Web. Un modo comodo per installare i pacchetti Python è utilizzare pip, che consente di ottenere i pacchetti dal sito del'indice dei pacchetti Python. È quindi possibile installare requests eseguendo pip install requests alla riga di comando.
Una chiave di accesso (ID della chiave di accesso e chiave di accesso segreta) nelle variabili di ambiente denominate AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID e AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY. Come best practice, è consigliabile non incorporare le credenziali nel codice. Per ulteriori informazioni, consulta Best practice per gli account AWS nella Guida di riferimento AWS Account Management .

La regione del tuo cluster database Neptune nella variabile di ambiente denominata SERVICE_REGION.

Se usi credenziali temporanee, devi specificare AWS_SESSION_TOKEN oltre a AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY e SERVICE_REGION.

Nota
Se utilizzi credenziali temporanee, queste scadono dopo un intervallo specificato, comprensivo del token di sessione.
Devi aggiornare il token di sessione quando richiedi le nuove credenziali. Per ulteriori informazioni, consulta Utilizzo delle credenziali di sicurezza temporanee per richiedere l'accesso alle risorse AWS.

L'esempio seguente mostra come effettuare richieste firmate a Neptune utilizzando Python. La richiesta effettua una richiesta GET o POST. Le informazioni di autenticazione vengono trasferite utilizzando l'intestazione della richiesta Authorization.

Questo esempio funziona anche come funzione. AWS Lambda Per ulteriori informazioni, consulta Configurazione di AWS Lambda per l'autenticazione IAM di Neptune.

Per effettuare richieste firmate agli endpoint Neptune Gremlin e SPARQL

Crea un nuovo file denominato neptunesigv4.py e aprilo in un editor di testo.

Copia la seguente chiave pubblica e incollala nel file neptunesigv4.py.


# Amazon Neptune version 4 signing example (version v3)

# The following script requires python 3.6+
#    (sudo yum install python36 python36-virtualenv python36-pip)
# => the reason is that we're using urllib.parse() to manually encode URL
#    parameters: the problem here is that SIGV4 encoding requires whitespaces
#    to be encoded as %20 rather than not or using '+', as done by previous/
#    default versions of the library.


# See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/sigv4_signing.html
import sys, datetime, hashlib, hmac
import requests  # pip3 install requests
import urllib
import os
import json
from botocore.auth import SigV4Auth
from botocore.awsrequest import AWSRequest
from botocore.credentials import ReadOnlyCredentials
from types import SimpleNamespace
from argparse import RawTextHelpFormatter
from argparse import ArgumentParser

# Configuration. https is required.
protocol = 'https'

# The following lines enable debugging at httplib level (requests->urllib3->http.client)
# You will see the REQUEST, including HEADERS and DATA, and RESPONSE with HEADERS but without DATA.
#
# The only thing missing will be the response.body which is not logged.
#
# import logging
# from http.client import HTTPConnection
# HTTPConnection.debuglevel = 1
# logging.basicConfig()
# logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
# requests_log = logging.getLogger("requests.packages.urllib3")
# requests_log.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
# requests_log.propagate = True


# Read AWS access key from env. variables. Best practice is NOT
# to embed credentials in code.
access_key = os.getenv('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID', '')
secret_key = os.getenv('AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY', '')
region = os.getenv('SERVICE_REGION', '')

# AWS_SESSION_TOKEN is optional environment variable. Specify a session token only if you are using temporary
# security credentials.
session_token = os.getenv('AWS_SESSION_TOKEN', '')

### Note same script can be used for AWS Lambda (runtime = python3.6).
## Steps to use this python script for AWS Lambda
# 1. AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY and AWS_SESSION_TOKEN and AWS_REGION variables are already part of Lambda's Execution environment
#    No need to set them up explicitly.
# 3. Create Lambda deployment package https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/lambda-python-how-to-create-deployment-package.html
# 4. Create a Lambda function in the same VPC and assign an IAM role with neptune access

def lambda_handler(event, context):
    # sample_test_input = {
    #     "host": "END_POINT:8182",
    #     "method": "GET",
    #     "query_type": "gremlin",
    #     "query": "g.V().count()"
    # }

    # Lambda uses AWS_REGION instead of SERVICE_REGION
    global region
    region = os.getenv('AWS_REGION', '')

    host = event['host']
    method = event['method']
    query_type = event['query_type']
    query =  event['query']

    return make_signed_request(host, method, query_type, query)

def validate_input(method, query_type):
    # Supporting GET and POST for now:
    if (method != 'GET' and method != 'POST'):
        print('First parameter must be "GET" or "POST", but is "' + method + '".')
        sys.exit()

    # SPARQL UPDATE requires POST
    if (method == 'GET' and query_type == 'sparqlupdate'):
        print('SPARQL UPDATE is not supported in GET mode. Please choose POST.')
        sys.exit()

def get_canonical_uri_and_payload(query_type, query, method):
    # Set the stack and payload depending on query_type.
    if (query_type == 'sparql'):
        canonical_uri = '/sparql/'
        payload = {'query': query}

    elif (query_type == 'sparqlupdate'):
        canonical_uri = '/sparql/'
        payload = {'update': query}

    elif (query_type == 'gremlin'):
        canonical_uri = '/gremlin/'
        payload = {'gremlin': query}
        if (method == 'POST'):
            payload = json.dumps(payload)

    elif (query_type == 'openCypher'):
        canonical_uri = '/openCypher/'
        payload = {'query': query}

    elif (query_type == "loader"):
        canonical_uri = "/loader/"
        payload = query

    elif (query_type == "status"):
        canonical_uri = "/status/"
        payload = {}

    elif (query_type == "gremlin/status"):
        canonical_uri = "/gremlin/status/"
        payload = {}

    elif (query_type == "openCypher/status"):
        canonical_uri = "/openCypher/status/"
        payload = {}

    elif (query_type == "sparql/status"):
        canonical_uri = "/sparql/status/"
        payload = {}

    else:
        print(
            'Third parameter should be from ["gremlin", "sparql", "sparqlupdate", "loader", "status] but is "' + query_type + '".')
        sys.exit()
    ## return output as tuple
    return canonical_uri, payload

def make_signed_request(host, method, query_type, query):
    service = 'neptune-db'
    endpoint = protocol + '://' + host

    print()
    print('+++++ USER INPUT +++++')
    print('host = ' + host)
    print('method = ' + method)
    print('query_type = ' + query_type)
    print('query = ' + query)

    # validate input
    validate_input(method, query_type)

    # get canonical_uri and payload
    canonical_uri, payload = get_canonical_uri_and_payload(query_type, query, method)

    # assign payload to data or params
    data = payload if method == 'POST' else None
    params = payload if method == 'GET' else None

    # create request URL
    request_url = endpoint + canonical_uri

    # create and sign request
    creds = SimpleNamespace(
        access_key=access_key, secret_key=secret_key, token=session_token, region=region,
    )

    request = AWSRequest(method=method, url=request_url, data=data, params=params)
    SigV4Auth(creds, service, region).add_auth(request)

    r = None

    # ************* SEND THE REQUEST *************
    if (method == 'GET'):

        print('++++ BEGIN GET REQUEST +++++')
        print('Request URL = ' + request_url)
        r = requests.get(request_url, headers=request.headers, verify=False, params=params)

    elif (method == 'POST'):

        print('\n+++++ BEGIN POST REQUEST +++++')
        print('Request URL = ' + request_url)
        if (query_type == "loader"):
            request.headers['Content-type'] = 'application/json'
        r = requests.post(request_url, headers=request.headers, verify=False, data=data)

    else:
        print('Request method is neither "GET" nor "POST", something is wrong here.')

    if r is not None:
        print()
        print('+++++ RESPONSE +++++')
        print('Response code: %d\n' % r.status_code)
        response = r.text
        r.close()
        print(response)

        return response

help_msg = '''
    export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=[MY_ACCESS_KEY_ID]
    export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=[MY_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY]
    export AWS_SESSION_TOKEN=[MY_AWS_SESSION_TOKEN]
    export SERVICE_REGION=[us-east-1|us-east-2|us-west-2|eu-west-1]

    python version >=3.6 is required.

    Examples: For help
    python3 program_name.py -h

    Examples: Queries
    python3 program_name.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q status
    python3 program_name.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q sparql/status
    python3 program_name.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q sparql -d "SELECT ?s WHERE { ?s ?p ?o }"
    python3 program_name.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a POST -q sparql -d "SELECT ?s WHERE { ?s ?p ?o }"
    python3 program_name.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a POST -q sparqlupdate -d "INSERT DATA { <https://s> <https://p> <https://o> }"
    python3 program_name.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q gremlin/status
    python3 program_name.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q gremlin -d "g.V().count()"
    python3 program_name.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a POST -q gremlin -d "g.V().count()"
    python3 program_name.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q openCypher/status
    python3 program_name.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q openCypher -d "MATCH (n1) RETURN n1 LIMIT 1;"
    python3 program_name.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a POST -q openCypher -d "MATCH (n1) RETURN n1 LIMIT 1;"
    python3 program_name.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q loader -d '{"loadId": "68b28dcc-8e15-02b1-133d-9bd0557607e6"}'
    python3 program_name.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q loader -d '{}'
    python3 program_name.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a POST -q loader -d '{"source": "source", "format" : "csv", "failOnError": "fail_on_error", "iamRoleArn": "iam_role_arn", "region": "region"}'

    Environment variables must be defined as AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY and SERVICE_REGION.
    You should also set AWS_SESSION_TOKEN environment variable if you are using temporary credentials (ex. IAM Role or EC2 Instance profile).

    Current Limitations:
    - Query mode "sparqlupdate" requires POST (as per the SPARQL 1.1 protocol)
            '''

def exit_and_print_help():
    print(help_msg)
    exit()

def parse_input_and_query_neptune():


    parser = ArgumentParser(description=help_msg, formatter_class=RawTextHelpFormatter)
    group_host = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
    group_host.add_argument("-ho", "--host", type=str)
    group_port = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
    group_port.add_argument("-p", "--port", type=int, help="port ex. 8182, default=8182", default=8182)
    group_action = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
    group_action.add_argument("-a", "--action", type=str, help="http action, default = GET", default="GET")
    group_endpoint = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
    group_endpoint.add_argument("-q", "--query_type", type=str, help="query_type, default = status ", default="status")
    group_data = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
    group_data.add_argument("-d", "--data", type=str, help="data required for the http action", default="")

    args = parser.parse_args()
    print(args)

    # Read command line parameters
    host = args.host
    port = args.port
    method = args.action
    query_type = args.query_type
    query = args.data

    if (access_key == ''):
        print('!!! ERROR: Your AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID environment variable is undefined.')
        exit_and_print_help()

    if (secret_key == ''):
        print('!!! ERROR: Your AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY environment variable is undefined.')
        exit_and_print_help()

    if (region == ''):
        print('!!! ERROR: Your SERVICE_REGION environment variable is undefined.')
        exit_and_print_help()

    if host is None:
        print('!!! ERROR: Neptune DNS is missing')
        exit_and_print_help()

    host = host + ":" + str(port)
    make_signed_request(host, method, query_type, query)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    parse_input_and_query_neptune()

In un terminale, individua la posizione del file neptunesigv4.py.

Inserisci i seguenti comandi, sostituendo la chiave di accesso, la chiave segreta e la regione con i valori corretti.


export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=MY_ACCESS_KEY_ID
export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=MY_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
export SERVICE_REGION=us-east-1 or us-east-2 or us-west-1 or us-west-2 or ca-central-1 or
                      sa-east-1 or eu-north-1 or eu-west-1 or eu-west-2 or eu-west-3 or eu-central-1 or me-south-1 or
                      me-central-1 or il-central-1 or af-south-1 or ap-east-1 or ap-northeast-1 or ap-northeast-2 or ap-southeast-1 or ap-southeast-2 or ap-south-1 or
                      cn-north-1 or cn-northwest-1 or
                      us-gov-east-1 or us-gov-west-1

Se usi credenziali temporanee, devi specificare AWS_SESSION_TOKEN oltre a AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY e SERVICE_REGION.


export AWS_SESSION_TOKEN=MY_AWS_SESSION_TOKEN

Nota

Se utilizzi credenziali temporanee, queste scadono dopo un intervallo specificato, comprensivo del token di sessione.

Devi aggiornare il token di sessione quando richiedi le nuove credenziali. Per ulteriori informazioni, consulta Utilizzo delle credenziali di sicurezza temporanee per richiedere l'accesso alle risorse AWS.

Inserisci uno dei seguenti comandi per inviare una richiesta firmata all'istanza database Neptune. Questi esempi utilizzano Python versione 3.6.

Stato endpoint


python3.6 neptunesigv4.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q status

Gremlin


python3.6 neptunesigv4.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q gremlin -d "g.V().count()"

python3.6 neptunesigv4.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a POST -q gremlin -d "g.V().count()"

Stato Gremlin


python3.6 neptunesigv4.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q gremlin/status

SPARQL


python3.6 neptunesigv4.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q sparql -d "SELECT ?s WHERE { ?s ?p ?o }"

SPARQL UPDATE


python3.6 neptunesigv4.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a POST -q sparqlupdate -d "INSERT DATA { <https://s> <https://p> <https://o> }"

Stato SPARQL


python3.6 neptunesigv4.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q sparql/status

openCypher


python3.6 neptunesigv4.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q openCypher -d "MATCH (n1) RETURN n1 LIMIT 1;"

python3.6 neptunesigv4.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a POST -q openCypher -d "MATCH (n1) RETURN n1 LIMIT 1;"

Stato openCypher


python3.6 neptunesigv4.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q openCypher/status

Loader


python3.6 neptunesigv4.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q loader -d '{"loadId": "68b28dcc-8e15-02b1-133d-9bd0557607e6"}'

python3.6 neptunesigv4.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a GET -q loader -d '{}'

python3.6 neptunesigv4.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p 8182 -a POST -q loader -d '{"source": "source", "format" : "csv", "failOnError": "fail_on_error", "iamRoleArn": "iam_role_arn", "region": "region"}'

La sintassi per eseguire lo script Python è la seguente:


python3.6 neptunesigv4.py -ho your-neptune-endpoint -p port -a GET|POST -q gremlin|sparql|sparqlupdate|loader|status -d "string0data"

SPARQL UPDATE richiede POST.

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